Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Structural Connectivity Variances Underlie Functional and Behavioral Changes During Pain Relief Induced by Neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/srep41603

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pain intensity ratings were recorded immediately before and after sham and anodal tDCS. The numerical rating scale was anchored between the extremes of 0 (“None”) and 10 (“Worst Imaginable”). Greater analgesia was found with anodal tDCS compared to sham tDCS (ANOVA stimulation by time interaction effect F (1,17) = 4.460, p < 0.05). A significant reduction was also observed in anodal tDCS trials (p = 0.04) but not in sham tDCS trials (p = 0.65). (*indicates p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: An MR-compatible tDCS kit (DC-Stimulator MR, Magstim, Cardiff, UK) was used, which was fitted with a pair of 5 kΩ resistors by the electrodes (7 cm × 5 cm) to prevent the occurrence of eddy currents or significant electrode heating in an MR setting.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Structural Connectivity Variances Underlie Functional and Behavioral Changes During Pain Relief Induced by Neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/srep41603

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Perfusion activity map of gray matter associated with Sham [Stimulation−Pre-stimulation] − Anodal [Stimulation−Pre-stimulation] (mixed effects; Z > 2). The sham session showed higher (in yellow-red) rCBF to left posterior insula and left thalamus and lower (in blue) rCBF to the left M1 than the anodal session. The striking lateralization of significant rCBF changes suggests that the modulations originated from anodal tDCS of L-DLPFC. ( B ) Due to the positive relationship between ongoing pain and posterior insula activity, the perfusion time course of the activated voxels in the left posterior insula was extracted for illustrative purposes. Despite temporal variations across the periods, the rCBF of posterior insula was consistently higher for the sham session than for the anodal session after their respective pre-stimulation period. This finding supports the behavioral pain ratings reported by the research volunteers. All perfusion percentages were compared to the mean time course value of the pre-stimulation period in the respective stimulation session. The data points were smoothed with a moving average filter (period = 1 minute). (*indicates p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: An MR-compatible tDCS kit (DC-Stimulator MR, Magstim, Cardiff, UK) was used, which was fitted with a pair of 5 kΩ resistors by the electrodes (7 cm × 5 cm) to prevent the occurrence of eddy currents or significant electrode heating in an MR setting.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Structural Connectivity Variances Underlie Functional and Behavioral Changes During Pain Relief Induced by Neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/srep41603

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) For visualization purposes, axial slices of the mean probabilistic tracts between L-DLPFC (in blue) and left thalamus (in green) are shown. This mean probabilistic tract was used as a mask to derive individual’s FA within the L-DLPFC–thalamic tract. ( B ) There was a significant positive correlation between the mean FA within the L-DLPFC–thalamic tract and pain intensity decrease after anodal tDCS (Anodal [Pre-stimulation−Stimulation] ; r = 0.654, p < 0.01) but not during sham (Sham [Pre-stimulation−Stimulation] ; r = 0.300, p = 0.23). No data points were found to be outliers using Grubbs’ test (p < 0.01).

Article Snippet: An MR-compatible tDCS kit (DC-Stimulator MR, Magstim, Cardiff, UK) was used, which was fitted with a pair of 5 kΩ resistors by the electrodes (7 cm × 5 cm) to prevent the occurrence of eddy currents or significant electrode heating in an MR setting.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Structural Connectivity Variances Underlie Functional and Behavioral Changes During Pain Relief Induced by Neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/srep41603

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) TBSS analysis describing the relationship between white matter integrity and tDCS induced pain intensity changes (i.e. Sham [Stimulation−Pre-stimulation] − Anodal [Stimulation−Pre-stimulation] ) across the whole white matter FA skeleton (in blue) (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). ( B ) The only regions in which there was a significant correlation (in red-yellow) anatomically corresponded to the L-DLPFC-thalamic pathway identified using probabilistic tractography (in green; from ).

Article Snippet: An MR-compatible tDCS kit (DC-Stimulator MR, Magstim, Cardiff, UK) was used, which was fitted with a pair of 5 kΩ resistors by the electrodes (7 cm × 5 cm) to prevent the occurrence of eddy currents or significant electrode heating in an MR setting.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Structural Connectivity Variances Underlie Functional and Behavioral Changes During Pain Relief Induced by Neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/srep41603

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) The relationship between structural and functional connectivity of L-DLPFC and thalamus during tDCS was investigated. The correlation between the two measures was significant for the anodal tDCS session (r = 0.485, p < 0.05) but not for the sham tDCS session (r = −0.094, p = 0.71). No data points were found to be outliers using Grubbs’ test (p < 0.01). ( B ) Activated voxels (in blue) from perfusion map between anodal and sham tDCS sessions (Sham [Stimulation−Pre-stimulation] − Anodal [Stimulation−Pre-stimulation] ; ) were overlaid on the white matter pathways identified using probabilistic tractography (in yellow-red). An overlap could be observed between the thresholded tracts and left thalamic voxels with rCBF changes.

Article Snippet: An MR-compatible tDCS kit (DC-Stimulator MR, Magstim, Cardiff, UK) was used, which was fitted with a pair of 5 kΩ resistors by the electrodes (7 cm × 5 cm) to prevent the occurrence of eddy currents or significant electrode heating in an MR setting.

Techniques: Functional Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Structural Connectivity Variances Underlie Functional and Behavioral Changes During Pain Relief Induced by Neuromodulation

doi: 10.1038/srep41603

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Fifty-one healthy volunteers were first screened for their response to topical application of 1% capsaicin cream on the right, medial calf. To achieve optimal temporal resolution, a continuous rating scale, anchored between 0 (none) and 10 (worst imaginable) was used to record the subject’s ongoing pain intensity. After capsaicin application for 20–40 minutes, only subjects who reached and maintained a tonic pain experience (pain intensity rating of 5–7 for ≥30 minutes; ) participated in the remainder of the study. One subject withdrew due to discomfort during a sham tDCS MRI session. ( B ) Eighteen capsaicin responders participated in two perfusion MRI sessions, one with anodal tDCS and one with sham tDCS, at least one week apart. The order of the experimental sessions was randomized and counterbalanced across the subject cohort. Capsaicin cream was applied as in the initial screening session. No subjects reported pain before the session commenced. Once the subject’s pain intensity rating reached a score of 5, which typically required 20–40 minutes, a 5-minute pre-stimulation ASL fMRI scan was performed followed by a 20-minute scan with concurrent tDCS (anodal or sham). Subjects’ pain ratings were verbally recorded after each scan using the same numerical rating scale, as above. Prior to ASL fMRI scans, subjects also underwent a DTI scan in a previous session on a different day.

Article Snippet: An MR-compatible tDCS kit (DC-Stimulator MR, Magstim, Cardiff, UK) was used, which was fitted with a pair of 5 kΩ resistors by the electrodes (7 cm × 5 cm) to prevent the occurrence of eddy currents or significant electrode heating in an MR setting.

Techniques: Cream

Journal: JAMA Psychiatry

Article Title: Virtual Reality and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5661

Figure Lengend Snippet: Participant Demographic and Clinical Features

Article Snippet: Active tDCS was 2mA for 25 minutes with a 30-second ramp up and ramp down, and sham stimulation was provided through the NeuroConn study mode (10 μA over 15 milliseconds current pulse applied every 550 milliseconds, 3 ms peak current).

Techniques:

Journal: JAMA Psychiatry

Article Title: Virtual Reality and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5661

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical Outcomes Over Time Among Active tDCS Plus VR vs Sham tDCS Plus VR Participants

Article Snippet: Active tDCS was 2mA for 25 minutes with a 30-second ramp up and ramp down, and sham stimulation was provided through the NeuroConn study mode (10 μA over 15 milliseconds current pulse applied every 550 milliseconds, 3 ms peak current).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics of the published studies. A) Number of studies published according to year. B) Hierarchical representation the characteristics of the published studies. The order of significance from the inside-out is the condition of the participants, whether it is double-blinded, and the meditation technique. The outer most layer is the study itself. All studies included tDCS as the tES technique. MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, MBRP = Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention, MBSAT = Mindfulness-Based Substance Abuse Treatment, MBSR = Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, TW-FM = Treadmill Walking with Focused Meditation. The * represents the studies that have a cross over design. The ** represents the studies where tES and meditation technique are not implemented concurrently.

Article Snippet: NCT03884374 , Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT) , Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross over, clinical , Knee osteoarthritis in non-Hispanic black and white adults (45–85 yrs), N = 240 , BAT mindfulness technique (MM) with active or sham tDCS and sham BAT with active or sham tDCS; , Change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) , 2027 , PubMed Cochrane ClinicalTrials.gov.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of the selected published studies . For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: N = # total subjects analyzed, # of female/male, age [mean ± SD], condition, n = # of subjects in the active and combined group. Witkiewitz et al. (2019) , Brown et al. (2020) , and Gibson et al. (2022) all used the same participants for different experiments. In addition, Ahn et al. (2019) and Pollonini et al. (2020) also used the same participants with different analyses. The * on “mean ± SD” number represents those studies that did not include an overall mean ± SD for all subjects combined, and instead was calculated by taking the averages of the means and SD across the included groups. The ** represents the total number of subjects in both active and combined groups. The *** represents the subjects that were dropped from the previous analysis. The intervention column uses “Arm” for cross over studies and “Group” for parallel studies. If not at the same time, the timing of the meditation + tES technique is stated in the parentheses following the condition. Those that have **** mean that the intervention order and type was not clearly stated. The following acronyms are used: tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. For sham meditation techniques type, see Table 3 , Table 4 , and for definitions, see Supplementary Materials Table 2.

Article Snippet: NCT03884374 , Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT) , Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross over, clinical , Knee osteoarthritis in non-Hispanic black and white adults (45–85 yrs), N = 240 , BAT mindfulness technique (MM) with active or sham tDCS and sham BAT with active or sham tDCS; , Change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) , 2027 , PubMed Cochrane ClinicalTrials.gov.

Techniques: Functional Assay

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Title, study design, population, intervention characteristics, and database(s) of which it was found of ongoing studies. For the participants, the listed items are in the following order: condition, age target, and expected enrollment (N). The − represents the ongoing studies that do not have a year of expected completion listed. For the meditation techniques specified, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction, BAT = Breathing and Attention Training. In addition, tDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation, DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Article Snippet: NCT03884374 , Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT) , Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross over, clinical , Knee osteoarthritis in non-Hispanic black and white adults (45–85 yrs), N = 240 , BAT mindfulness technique (MM) with active or sham tDCS and sham BAT with active or sham tDCS; , Change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) , 2027 , PubMed Cochrane ClinicalTrials.gov.

Techniques: Comparison, Cannabis, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intervention parameters for selected published studies with healthy participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, LKM = loving kindness meditation, TW-FM = treadmill walking with focused meditation. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: vlPFC = ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Article Snippet: NCT03884374 , Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT) , Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross over, clinical , Knee osteoarthritis in non-Hispanic black and white adults (45–85 yrs), N = 240 , BAT mindfulness technique (MM) with active or sham tDCS and sham BAT with active or sham tDCS; , Change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) , 2027 , PubMed Cochrane ClinicalTrials.gov.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP

Article Title: Stimulated brains and meditative minds: A systematic review on combining low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation and meditation in humans

doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100369

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intervention parameters for selected published studies with diseased participants. Meditative characteristics and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) parameters are listed according to each study. The * represents the studies with cross over designs. For the meditation techniques, the following acronyms are used: MM = mindfulness meditation, MBCT = mindfulness based cognitive training, MBRP = mindfulness-based relapse prevention, MBSAT = mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment, MBSR = mindfulness based stress reduction. The positions of the electrodes are based on the standard 10–20 EEG system and the other locations are listed as: M1 = primary motor cortex, dlPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, IFG = inferior frontal gyrus, tPJ = temporoparietal junction. The montage of the tDCS electrode is listed as anode first then cathode location. Concerning the electrode size, wherever the shape of the electrode was stated, it is written in parentheses. In the tDCS intensity column, the current density is inside parentheses. The ** represents the ramp information for the tDCS stimulation was not clearly stated in the study but implied to have occurred due to specification of sham ramping method and therefore, the details of the ramp are elaborated on.

Article Snippet: NCT03884374 , Pain relief for osteoarthritis through combined treatment (PROACT) , Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, cross over, clinical , Knee osteoarthritis in non-Hispanic black and white adults (45–85 yrs), N = 240 , BAT mindfulness technique (MM) with active or sham tDCS and sham BAT with active or sham tDCS; , Change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) , 2027 , PubMed Cochrane ClinicalTrials.gov.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Article Title: The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic and transcranial direct current stimulation on memory functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1436448

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characteristics of the included studies.

Article Snippet: 13 , , Meeting clinical/neuropsychological criteria , 17/16 , tDCS , Left DLPFC (F3) , Once daily, 10 consecutive days (sessions) , – , 20 , 2 mA: 25 cm 2 , – , TAVEC trial 1: immediate memory (working memory).

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

Article Title: Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke

doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677

Figure Lengend Snippet: Study design schematic. Abbreviations: FMLE, Fugl-Meyer lower extremity; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; RT, reaction time; AE, aerobic exercise; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; AE, aerobic exercise; SICI, short interval intracortical inhibition; TCI, transcallosal inhibition.

Article Snippet: The tDCS electrodes (Iomed OptimA IOMED INC, CA, USA) consisted of an anode which was a saline soaked sponge electrode (active area – 11.1 cm 2 ) that was affixed to the scalp over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA) motor hotspot (obtained during TMS), and the cathode, an adhesive dispersive electrode (dimensions – 24.75 cm 2 ) that was placed on the contralateral supraorbital region. tDCS was delivered using a constant current stimulator (Chattanooga Ionta, TN, USA) at 1 mA for 20 minutes either at rest (tDCS session) or during exercise (AE + tDCS session).

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

Article Title: Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke

doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exercise related measures

Article Snippet: The tDCS electrodes (Iomed OptimA IOMED INC, CA, USA) consisted of an anode which was a saline soaked sponge electrode (active area – 11.1 cm 2 ) that was affixed to the scalp over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA) motor hotspot (obtained during TMS), and the cathode, an adhesive dispersive electrode (dimensions – 24.75 cm 2 ) that was placed on the contralateral supraorbital region. tDCS was delivered using a constant current stimulator (Chattanooga Ionta, TN, USA) at 1 mA for 20 minutes either at rest (tDCS session) or during exercise (AE + tDCS session).

Techniques:

Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

Article Title: Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke

doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677

Figure Lengend Snippet: TMS and RT measures

Article Snippet: The tDCS electrodes (Iomed OptimA IOMED INC, CA, USA) consisted of an anode which was a saline soaked sponge electrode (active area – 11.1 cm 2 ) that was affixed to the scalp over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA) motor hotspot (obtained during TMS), and the cathode, an adhesive dispersive electrode (dimensions – 24.75 cm 2 ) that was placed on the contralateral supraorbital region. tDCS was delivered using a constant current stimulator (Chattanooga Ionta, TN, USA) at 1 mA for 20 minutes either at rest (tDCS session) or during exercise (AE + tDCS session).

Techniques:

Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

Article Title: Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke

doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677

Figure Lengend Snippet: Change in area under the curve (AUC) following transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS, blue), aerobic exercise (AE, cyan) and AE + tDCS (orange) for contralesional and ipsilesional hemispheres. Bars are depicted as mean ± standard error. ** Indicates statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) for normalized AUC between tDCS and AE sessions, and between AE and AE + tDCS sessions.

Article Snippet: The tDCS electrodes (Iomed OptimA IOMED INC, CA, USA) consisted of an anode which was a saline soaked sponge electrode (active area – 11.1 cm 2 ) that was affixed to the scalp over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA) motor hotspot (obtained during TMS), and the cathode, an adhesive dispersive electrode (dimensions – 24.75 cm 2 ) that was placed on the contralateral supraorbital region. tDCS was delivered using a constant current stimulator (Chattanooga Ionta, TN, USA) at 1 mA for 20 minutes either at rest (tDCS session) or during exercise (AE + tDCS session).

Techniques:

Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

Article Title: Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke

doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of responders (green) and non-responders (pink) across following transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), aerobic exercise (AE) and AE + tDCS sessions.

Article Snippet: The tDCS electrodes (Iomed OptimA IOMED INC, CA, USA) consisted of an anode which was a saline soaked sponge electrode (active area – 11.1 cm 2 ) that was affixed to the scalp over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA) motor hotspot (obtained during TMS), and the cathode, an adhesive dispersive electrode (dimensions – 24.75 cm 2 ) that was placed on the contralateral supraorbital region. tDCS was delivered using a constant current stimulator (Chattanooga Ionta, TN, USA) at 1 mA for 20 minutes either at rest (tDCS session) or during exercise (AE + tDCS session).

Techniques:

Journal: Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

Article Title: Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke

doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationship between baseline short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and response to AE + tDCS session (normalized area under the curve AUC). The figures show significant positive correlations between baseline SICI2ms and AUC (red), and baseline SICI3ms and AUC (blue) respectively. Note that higher values of SICI represent higher intracortical inhibition and higher values of AUC represent higher corticomotor excitability.

Article Snippet: The tDCS electrodes (Iomed OptimA IOMED INC, CA, USA) consisted of an anode which was a saline soaked sponge electrode (active area – 11.1 cm 2 ) that was affixed to the scalp over the paretic tibialis anterior (TA) motor hotspot (obtained during TMS), and the cathode, an adhesive dispersive electrode (dimensions – 24.75 cm 2 ) that was placed on the contralateral supraorbital region. tDCS was delivered using a constant current stimulator (Chattanooga Ionta, TN, USA) at 1 mA for 20 minutes either at rest (tDCS session) or during exercise (AE + tDCS session).

Techniques: Inhibition