Journal: eLife

Article Title: Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike

doi: 10.7554/eLife.75228

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Structural models of the N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) as ribbons, colored by strain: SARS-CoV-2 (black), 229E (orange), OC43 (blue), NL63 (green), and HKU1 (yellow). Structural alignments were restricted to the residues of the S1 domain. Right alignments between SARS-CoV2 and the endemic S1 domains shown individually rather than overlayed, with β-CoV at left, and α-CoV at right.

Article Snippet: Peptide, recombinant protein , NL63 S , Sino Biological , 40606-V08B , .

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike

doi: 10.7554/eLife.75228

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Peptide, recombinant protein , NL63 S , Sino Biological , 40606-V08B , .

Techniques: Recombinant, Produced, Plasmid Preparation, Software

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Humoral immune responses following vaccination Antibody responses at weeks 0 (baseline), 8 (post-prime), 14 (pre-boost), and 18 (post-boost) following vaccination with BNTx3, BNTx2/Ad26, Ad26/BNT, Ad26x2, or sham (N = 30; N = 6/group). (A) Neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers by a luciferase-based pseudovirus neutralization assay. (B) Receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific binding antibody titers by ELISA. Responses were measured against the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 (black), B.1.617.2 (Delta; blue), B.1.351 (Beta; red), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron; green) variants. Dotted lines represent limits of quantitation. Medians (red bars) are shown. Omicron-specific NAbs in the vaccinated groups were compared with the sham controls by two-sided Mann-Whitney tests. ∗ p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques: Luciferase, Neutralization, Binding Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Quantitation Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cellular immune responses following vaccination T cell responses at weeks 14 (pre-boost) and 18 (post-boost) following vaccination with BNTx3, BNTx2/Ad26, Ad26/BNT, Ad26x2, or sham (N = 30; N = 6/group). (A and B) Pooled peptide spike-specific IFN-γ (A) CD8+ T cell responses and (B) CD4+ T cell responses by intracellular cytokine staining assays. Responses were measured against the SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 (black), B.1.617.2 (Delta; blue), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron; green) variants. Dotted lines represent limits of quantitation. Medians (red bars) are shown. Omicron-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in the vaccinated groups were compared with the sham controls by two-sided Mann-Whitney tests. ∗ p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques: Staining, Quantitation Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Viral loads following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge (A) Log subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) copies/mL in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge. (B) Log subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) copies/swab in nasal swabs (NS) following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge. Medians (red lines) are shown.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques:

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of peak and day 4 viral loads (A) Log subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) copies/mL in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at peak and on day 4 following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge. (B) Log subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) copies/swab in nasal swabs (NS) at peak and on day 4 following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge. Dotted lines represent limits of quantitation. Medians (red bars) are shown. Vaccinated groups were compared with the sham controls by two-sided Mann-Whitney tests. ∗ p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques: Quantitation Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: TCID50 titers, related to Figure 3 Log TCID50/mL in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and nasal swabs on day 2 following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge (top). Log TCID50/mL is also shown in nasal swabs on day 7 following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron challenge in the 4 vaccinated animals in the BNTx3 and BNTx2/Ad26 groups and in the 6 sham controls with persistently positive sgRNA levels on day 7 (bottom). Dotted lines represent limits of quantitation. Medians (red bars) are shown. Vaccinated groups were compared with the sham controls by two-sided Mann-Whitney tests. ∗ p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques: Quantitation Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of Omicron infection, related to Figure 1 (A–K) (A–C) Pharynx and (D–K) lungs from macaques on day 2 following Omicron infection demonstrated lymphoid hyperplasia of the pharynx (A and B), SARS-N positive ciliated epithelial cells in the pharynx (C), foamy macrophages and degenerating neutrophils in bronchiole lumen (D), cellular necrotic debris adhering to bronchiolar ciliated epithelium (E), alveolar syncytia (F), SARS-N-positive ciliated epithelial cells in the pulmonary interstitium (G), neutrophilic bronchitis (H), hyaline membranes (I), endothelialitis (J), and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia (K). Scoring involved assessment of the following lesions: interstitial inflammation and septal thickening, interstitial infiltrate (eosinophils), interstitial infiltrate (neutrophils), hyaline membranes, interstitial fibrosis, alveolar infiltrate (macrophages), bronchoalveolar infiltrate (neutrophils), epithelial syncytia, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, bronchi infiltrate (macrophages), bronchi infiltrate (neutrophils), bronchi (hyperplasia of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue), bronchiolar or peribronchiolar infiltrate (mononuclear cells), perivascular infiltrate (mononuclear cells), and endothelialitis. Each feature assessed was assigned a score of: 0, no substantial findings; 1, minimal; 2, mild; 3, moderate; 4, moderate to severe; 5, marked or severe. Scores were added for all lesions across all lung lobes for each macaque, for a maximum possible score of 600 for each macaque. (L) Summary of lung pathology scores from SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020- and Omicron-infected macaques. Medians (red bars) are shown. Dotted line represents no pathology. Lung pathology scores were compared in macaques infected with Omicron versus WA1/2020 by two-sided Mann-Whitney tests. ∗ p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques: Histopathology, Immunohistochemistry, Infection, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Vaccine protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in macaques

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.024

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron) RBD , Sino Biological , Cat # 40592-V08H121.

Techniques: Infection, Recombinant, Binding Assay, Blocking Assay, Software

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Codon-optimized full-length Spike protein gene (S F ), S1 subunit gene and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) plus envelope protein genes of SARS-CoV-2 with and without 21 amino acids honeybee melittin signal peptide [(msp) NH 2 -MKFLVNVALVFMVVYISYIYA-COOH] gene in the purple box, and 49 amino acids VSV G protein transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail [(Gtc) NH 2 -SSIASFFFIIGLIIGLFL VLRVGIYLCIKLKHTKKRQIYTDIEMNRLGK-COOH] gene in the red box were inserted into the G and L gene junction of rVSV Ind and rVSV NJ . In addition, 25- nucleotides-long VSV intergenic junctions (5´-CATATGAAAAAAACTAACAGATATC-3´), in the green box, were inserted between genes to provide transcription termination, polyadenylation and the transcription reinitiation sequences. Recombinant viruses were rescued by VSV reverse genetics . pT7: Bacteriophage T7 promoter for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. N : VSV Nucleocapsid Protein gene. P : VSV Phosphoprotein gene. M : VSV Matrix protein gene. G : VSV Glycoprotein gene. L : VSV Large protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene. l : Leader region in the 3´-end of the VSV genome. t : Trailer region in the 5´-end of the VSV genome. HDV: Hepatitis delta virus ribozyme encoding sequences. T7δ: Bacteriophage T7 transcriptional terminator sequences. nt: nucleotides. aa: amino acids.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Recombinant

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: To check the expression of SARS-CoV-2 RBD, S1, S F , and E proteins from the rVSV Ind -SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, BHK-21 cells were infected with the virus at an MOI of 6. After six hours incubation at 37°C, cell lysates were prepared and protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Cell lysates were loaded in 5 μg quantity for SDS-PAGE. RBD, S1, and S F proteins were detected by rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 RBD. S2 protein was detected by rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2. E protein was detected by rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 E peptides. (A) Expression of RBD, S1, and S F with and without msp and Gtc. (B) Expression of S2 with and without Gtc. (C) Expression of E protein. (D) Expression of VSV Ind N, P, M, and G proteins. Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Incubation, Western Blot, SDS Page

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 S F , S1, S2, and RBD with or without VSV Gtc into rVSV Ind particles was examined by infecting BHK-21 cells with rVSV Ind -SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 3. The rVSV Ind -SARS-CoV-2 infected cells were incubated at 31°C for 6 hrs. Infected cell lysates were prepared in lysis buffer (lanes 1, 2, and 5). Culture media from the infected cells was centrifuged at 500 x g for 10 minutes and supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter to remove cell debris. The filtered culture media was loaded onto 1 ml of 25% sucrose cushion and ultra-centrifuged at 150,900 x g for 3 hrs. Supernatant on top of the 25% sucrose cushion was collected to check the soluble proteins in the media (lanes 3 and 6). Pelleted samples were checked for proteins incorporated into VSV particles (lanes 4 and 7). We detected RBD, S1, and S F proteins by Western blot using an antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein. S2 and S F proteins were detected by rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2. (A) Detection of S F and S1 proteins in cell lysate, concentrated culture media, and virus pellet from cells infected with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc or rVSV Ind -S F . (B) Detection of S F and S2 proteins in cell lysate, concentrated culture media, and virus pellet from cells infected with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc or rVSV Ind -S F . (C) Detection of VSV Ind proteins in cell lysate, concentrated culture media, and virus pellet from cells infected with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc or rVSV Ind -S F . (D) Detection of S1 protein in cell lysate, concentrated culture media, and virus pellet from cells infected with rVSV Ind -msp-S1-Gtc or rVSV Ind -S1. (E) Detection of RBD proteins in cell lysate, concentrated culture media, and virus pellet from cells infected with rVSV Ind -msp-RBD-Gtc+E-Gtc or rVSV Ind -msp-RBD+E. (F) Detection of VSV Ind proteins in cell lysate, concentrated culture media, and virus pellet from the cells infected with rVSV Ind -msp-RBD-Gtc+E-Gtc or rVSV Ind -msp-RBD+E. Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Lysis, Western Blot

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: To examine immune responses in mice, it was first necessary to purify rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 viral particles by anion-exchange chromatography. One μg of the purified rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the presence of RBD, S1, S2, and S F was determined by Western blot analysis. (A) Detection of RBD, S1, and S F on VSV particles. (B) Detection of S2 and S F on VSV particles. (C) Detection of VSV Ind and VSV NJ proteins. (D) Depicted model of pseudotype recombinant VSV virions with three different forms of SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins. rVSV pseudotypes are formed when rVSV-SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins are expressed with the msp at the NH 2 -terminus and VSV Gtc at the COOH-terminus. Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Chromatography, Purification, SDS Page, Western Blot, Recombinant

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mice were prime immunized with rVSV Ind -SARS-CoV-2 and boost immunized with rVSV NJ -SARS-CoV-2 two weeks after prime-immunization. Serum was collected to determine SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein-specific antibody levels by ELISA on day 13, one day before boost-immunization, and on day 27, two weeks after boost-immunization. (A) Prime-boost vaccination schedule. (B) Spike(ΔTM)-specific IgG titer after the prime-boost vaccination with doses of 5X10 7 PFU/mouse ( C) Spike(ΔTM)-specific IgG titer after the prime-boost vaccination with doses of 5X10 8 PFU/mouse. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005; ***, p< 0.001; ns, not significant). The data were presented as means with error bars of standard deviation (n = 5 mice per group). Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc. VSV-Mock denotes VSV vector alone without any gene insert.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Six-week-old female hACE2 transgenic mice were prime vaccinated with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc and boost immunized with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc or rVSV NJ -msp-S F -Gtc two weeks after the prime-vaccination. Serum was collected on day 13, one day before the boost-vaccination and on day 27, two weeks after the boost-vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization was determined by FRNT 50 assay. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction (*, p < 0.05; **, p<0.005; ***, p< 0.001; ns, not significant). The data were presented as means with error bars of standard deviation (n = 5 mice per group). Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc. VSV-Mock denotes VSV vector alone without any gene insert.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Neutralization, Standard Deviation, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Six-week-old female hACE2 transgenic mice were prime vaccinated with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc and boost vaccinated with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc or rVSV NJ -msp-S F -Gtc two weeks after the prime-vaccination. Serum was collected to determine the SARS-CoV-2 Spike(ΔTM) protein-specific antibody level by ELISA on day 13, one day before the boost-vaccination and on day 27, two weeks after the boost-vaccination. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction (*, p < 0.05; **, p<0.005, ***, p<0.001, ****, p< 0.0001; ns, not significant). The data were presented as means with error bars of standard deviation (n = 5 mice per group). Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc. VSV-Mock denotes VSV vector alone without any gene insert.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Standard Deviation, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mice were primed with rVSV Ind -SARS-CoV-2 followed with rVSV NJ -SARS-CoV-2 two weeks after prime-immunization. Two weeks after the boost-immunization, splenocytes were prepared and stimulated with a PepTivator SARS-CoV-2 Prot_S [ (A) ], or an irrelevant (control) peptide derived from the HIV Gag (B) . IFN-γ spot-forming units (SFUs) were enumerated by ELISPOT. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.005; ns, not significant). Data are presented as mean SFU numbers with error bars representing standard deviation (n = 5 mice per group). Purple box: honeybee msp, red box: VSV Gtc. VSV-Mock denotes VSV vector alone without any gene insert.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Standard Deviation, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Six-week-old female hACE2 transgenic mice (n = 5 per group) were prime-vaccinated with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc and boost vaccinated with rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc or rVSV NJ -msp-S F -Gtc two weeks after prime-vaccination. Four weeks after boost-vaccination , mice were challenged intranasally with 1x10 5 PFU of SARS-CoV-2. The survival and body weight of each mouse was monitored daily. (A) Average bodyweights of mice in each vaccinated group. (B) Individual body weights for mice vaccinated with rVSV-Mock and challenged with SARS-CoV-2. (C) Mouse survival after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. VSV-Mock denotes VSV vector alone without any gene insert.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Human ACE2 transgenic mice were vaccinated and challenged with SARS-CoV-2 as described in . Right lobes of mice lungs were aseptically removed from the mice on day 3, day 7, and day 15 after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 was quantified by plaque assay on Vero E6 cells. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction (****, p< 0.0001). VSV-Mock denotes VSV vector alone without any gene insert.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Plaque Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: A vesicular stomatitis virus-based prime-boost vaccination strategy induces potent and protective neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010092

Figure Lengend Snippet: Human ACE2 transgenic mice were vaccinated and challenged with SARS-CoV-2 as described in . Left lobes of mice lungs were fixed in 10% buffered formalin on day 3 and day 7 after the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Lung tissues were processed and embedded in low-melting paraffin, sectioned to a thickness of 3 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Stained tissues were examined under a light microscope (Olympus CS41, Japan) with 100X magnification. Note: a, alveolus; b, bronchiole; v, blood vessels. (A) Lung tissue 3 days after the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. (B) Lung tissue 7 days after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Arrows show infiltration of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and macrophages). G1: empty vector infected mice, G2: 5X10 8 of rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc/ rVSV NJ -msp-S F -Gtc vaccinated mice, G3: 5X10 8 of rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc/ rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc vaccinated mice, G4: 5X10 7 of rVSV Ind -msp-S F -Gtc/ rVSV NJ -msp-S F -Gtc vaccinated mice, G5: uninfected mice.

Article Snippet: S2 protein was detected by another rabbit antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S2 (Sino Biological, cat# 40590-T62).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Staining, Light Microscopy, Plasmid Preparation, Infection