serotonin Search Results


extracellular fitc antibody alomone labs rrid ab 2925082 cd115 c fms  (Alomone Labs)
94
Alomone Labs extracellular fitc antibody alomone labs rrid ab 2925082 cd115 c fms
Extracellular Fitc Antibody Alomone Labs Rrid Ab 2925082 Cd115 C Fms, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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dreadds agonist deschloroclozapine  (MedChemExpress)
95
MedChemExpress dreadds agonist deschloroclozapine
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Dreadds Agonist Deschloroclozapine, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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sert expression in trophoblast  (Proteintech)
94
Proteintech sert expression in trophoblast
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Sert Expression In Trophoblast, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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recombinant proteins serotonin hydrochloride tocris bioscience  (Tocris)
95
Tocris recombinant proteins serotonin hydrochloride tocris bioscience
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Recombinant Proteins Serotonin Hydrochloride Tocris Bioscience, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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asr-021  (Alomone Labs)
93
Alomone Labs asr-021
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Asr 021, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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n feruloyl serotonin  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)
94
Santa Cruz Biotechnology n feruloyl serotonin
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
N Feruloyl Serotonin, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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serotonin  (Eagle Biosciences)
95
Eagle Biosciences serotonin
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Serotonin, supplied by Eagle Biosciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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serotonin  (MedChemExpress)
94
MedChemExpress serotonin
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Serotonin, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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serotonin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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serotonin  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)
93
Santa Cruz Biotechnology serotonin
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Serotonin, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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ht  (MedChemExpress)
94
MedChemExpress ht
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Ht, supplied by MedChemExpress, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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rabbit anti htr3a  (Proteintech)
93
Proteintech rabbit anti htr3a
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Rabbit Anti Htr3a, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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rabbit anti serotonin 5 ht  (OriGene)
90
OriGene rabbit anti serotonin 5 ht
(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and <t>deschloroclozapine</t> (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Rabbit Anti Serotonin 5 Ht, supplied by OriGene, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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Image Search Results


(A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Orbitofrontal noradrenaline mediates volatility-dependent adjustment of learning rate

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.11.693701

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic representation of viral expression across subjects, showing the extent of AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; VO and LO subregions). Each animal is represented as a separate layer (n = 12). (B) Representative fluorescence image illustrating AAV8-CaMKII-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry expression within the OFC (+4.2 mm from Bregma). (C) Mean number of reversals completed per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ, 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatments. (D) Post-reversal adaptation showing the trial-by-trial probability of selecting the high-probability lever following contingency reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions. (E) Proportions of high-reward probability lever-presses during the post-reversal period (left) and during stable phases (right) under VEH and DCZ treatments (***p < 0.001; n.s., not significant). (F) Average number of consecutive (perseverative) errors following reversals under VEH and DCZ conditions (***p < 0.001). (G) Probability of switching levers following different outcome types: rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (*p < 0.05). (H) Conditional probability of switching based on recent action–outcome sequences across the last two trials under VEH and DCZ treatments (*p < 0.05). (I) Learning rates (α) estimated from a standard reinforcement-learning model fitted to behavioral data under VEH and DCZ conditions (**p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: The DREADDs agonist deschloroclozapine (DCZ, MedChemExpress) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 50 mg/ml and stored at −80°C as a stock solution.

Techniques: Expressing, Fluorescence

(A) Representative images showing the viral injection site in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; left) and retrogradely labeled mCherry-positive neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC; right). (B) Mean number of reversals per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ; 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment, showing no effect of LC→OFC inhibition on the frequency of contingency reversals (n.s.). (C) Probability of switching levers following rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (p < 0.01). (D) Conditional switching probability following unrewarded outcomes, shown as a function of the total number of rewards obtained on the same lever across the preceding three trials (p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Orbitofrontal noradrenaline mediates volatility-dependent adjustment of learning rate

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.11.693701

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative images showing the viral injection site in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; left) and retrogradely labeled mCherry-positive neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC; right). (B) Mean number of reversals per 100 trials under vehicle (VEH) and deschloroclozapine (DCZ; 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment, showing no effect of LC→OFC inhibition on the frequency of contingency reversals (n.s.). (C) Probability of switching levers following rewarded (win), unrewarded (lose), high-probability (high), or low-probability (low) lever presses in the post-reversal phase (p < 0.01). (D) Conditional switching probability following unrewarded outcomes, shown as a function of the total number of rewards obtained on the same lever across the preceding three trials (p < 0.01). Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: The DREADDs agonist deschloroclozapine (DCZ, MedChemExpress) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 50 mg/ml and stored at −80°C as a stock solution.

Techniques: Injection, Labeling, Inhibition