Journal: NPJ Regenerative Medicine

Article Title: Novel copper-ion coordinated andrographolide-loaded hydrogel activates Rac1/JNK1 axis for enhancing diabetic wound healing

doi: 10.1038/s41536-026-00457-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Venny plots of Andro target genes vs DWs causative genes. B PPI network highlighting key signaling proteins modulated by Andro treatment. Nodes represent individual proteins (colored by pathway/function; see legend); edges represent validated interactions. Major pathway clusters are annotated (e.g., JNK1/MAPK, Rac1/cell migration). C GO functional enrichment analysis of intersecting targets, showing significantly enriched biological processes (e.g., inflammatory response, cell migration, angiogenesis) ranked by gene count or significance. D KEGG pathway enrichment analysis ranked by gene count and significance. E Top 20 KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (sorted by enrichment score). F Representative docking pose of Andro within the proteins binding pocket, showing key noncovalent interactions.

Article Snippet: Rac1 protein (MCE, China) was diluted to 50 μg/mL in sodium acetate and immobilized onto the chip’s second channel at a flow rate of 10 μL/min.

Techniques: Migration, Functional Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: NPJ Regenerative Medicine

Article Title: Novel copper-ion coordinated andrographolide-loaded hydrogel activates Rac1/JNK1 axis for enhancing diabetic wound healing

doi: 10.1038/s41536-026-00457-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A RMSD of complex, protein, and Ligand, reflecting structural deviation and conformational stability over time. B Rg of the complex, indicating overall compactness and structural tightness. C Rac1 and Andro binding site distance, monitoring binding stability and positional consistency. D FEL showing a single dominant basin, indicating conformational stability without large-scale reorganization. E Buried area between Andro and Rac1, representing the extent of buried surface and interaction strength. F Simulated conformational superposition, illustrating structural flexibility and binding site variations. G Modeling trajectory change, displaying dynamic shifts in binding site and molecular orientation. H PCA and protein structure, highlighting dominant motion modes and conformational flexibility. I Andro and Rac1 binding energies VDW and ELE, showing contributions from van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. J Hydrogen bond number, reflecting the stability and strength of polar interactions. K Hydrogen bond frequency between Andro and Rac1, indicating persistence and key residues involved in H-bond formation.

Article Snippet: Rac1 protein (MCE, China) was diluted to 50 μg/mL in sodium acetate and immobilized onto the chip’s second channel at a flow rate of 10 μL/min.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: NPJ Regenerative Medicine

Article Title: Novel copper-ion coordinated andrographolide-loaded hydrogel activates Rac1/JNK1 axis for enhancing diabetic wound healing

doi: 10.1038/s41536-026-00457-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B Representative western blots ( A ) and quantification ( B ) of Rac1, JNK1, Jun, and Fos protein levels in wound tissues at day 3 for each treatment group. C Relative mRNA expression levels of Rac1 , Jnk1 , Jun , and Fos in day-3 DW tissues. D SPR analysis confirming direct binding of Andro to Rac1 with a dissociation constant (KD) of 3.82 µM. E Relative mRNA expression levels of Rac1 , Jnk1 , Jun , and Fos in day-7 wound tissues. F , G Representative western blots ( F ) and quantification ( G ) of Rac1, JNK1, Jun, and Fos protein levels in day-7 wound tissues. The bar charts present mean ± SD ( n = 3 per group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, vs Control group, # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001, vs Matrix group. H Schematic model summarizing the proposed mechanism by which ASFH-delivered Andro treats DWs. Andro directly binds Rac1, activates the Rac1/JNK1/Jun/Fos signaling axis, promotes M1-to-M2 macrophage polarization, modulates cytokine profiles, enhances angiogenesis and collagen remodeling, and collectively accelerates wound closure.

Article Snippet: Rac1 protein (MCE, China) was diluted to 50 μg/mL in sodium acetate and immobilized onto the chip’s second channel at a flow rate of 10 μL/min.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Binding Assay, Control

Journal: Biophysical Journal

Article Title: Thermodynamics of Phospholipid Self-Assembly

doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Thermodynamic parameters of micelle formation for charged phospholipids (see Eqs. 5, 13, and 14 )

Article Snippet: Phospholipids 1,2-Dioctanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoglycerol ((8:0) 2 PG), 1,2-dioctanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoserine ((8:0) 2 PS), and 1,2-dioctanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoric acid ((8:0) 2 PA) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL).

Techniques:

Journal: Biophysical Journal

Article Title: Thermodynamics of Phospholipid Self-Assembly

doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.01.049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Parameters determining the temperature dependence of the free energy and enthalpy of micelle formation for phospholipids with different polar headgroups (see Eqs. 10–12 )

Article Snippet: Phospholipids 1,2-Dioctanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoglycerol ((8:0) 2 PG), 1,2-dioctanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoserine ((8:0) 2 PS), and 1,2-dioctanoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoric acid ((8:0) 2 PA) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL).

Techniques: