Journal: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Article Title: Identification of anisomycin, prodigiosin and obatoclax as compounds with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic activity

doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008150

Figure Lengend Snippet: Results from experiment to assess kinetics of drug action against E . histolytica trophozoites. Drugs were assayed at the following concentrations (2x the previously measured EC 50 ): metronidazole, 17μM; auranofin 0.5μM; anisomycin, 1.4μM; prodigiosin, 1.4μM; obatoclax, 1μM; nithiamide, 10μM. Graph shows FDA signal as a percent of DMSO control. Killing was assayed at 10, 24 and 48 hours, and three biological replicates were performed for each data point.

Article Snippet: Compounds were obtained from the following vendors: Prodigiosin: BOC Sciences (Catalog number 82-89-3); Obatoclax: Apex Bio (Catalog number A419); Anisomycin: Sigma (Catalog number A9789); Nithiamide: Sigma (Catalog number 33978); Venetoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8048); Navitoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S1001); A-1331852: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7801); A-1210477: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7790); S63845: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8383).

Techniques: Control

Journal: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Article Title: Identification of anisomycin, prodigiosin and obatoclax as compounds with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic activity

doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008150

Figure Lengend Snippet: Potency of candidate compounds in various parasite systems.

Article Snippet: Compounds were obtained from the following vendors: Prodigiosin: BOC Sciences (Catalog number 82-89-3); Obatoclax: Apex Bio (Catalog number A419); Anisomycin: Sigma (Catalog number A9789); Nithiamide: Sigma (Catalog number 33978); Venetoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8048); Navitoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S1001); A-1331852: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7801); A-1210477: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7790); S63845: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8383).

Techniques: Control, Activity Assay

Journal: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Article Title: Identification of anisomycin, prodigiosin and obatoclax as compounds with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic activity

doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008150

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacokinetic and cytotoxicity properties.

Article Snippet: Compounds were obtained from the following vendors: Prodigiosin: BOC Sciences (Catalog number 82-89-3); Obatoclax: Apex Bio (Catalog number A419); Anisomycin: Sigma (Catalog number A9789); Nithiamide: Sigma (Catalog number 33978); Venetoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8048); Navitoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S1001); A-1331852: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7801); A-1210477: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7790); S63845: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8383).

Techniques: In Vivo, Activity Assay

Journal: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Article Title: Identification of anisomycin, prodigiosin and obatoclax as compounds with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic activity

doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008150

Figure Lengend Snippet: Imaging of juvenile Schistosoma after 72h treatment with DMSO control (panel 1) 5μM obatoclax (panel 2) or 5μM prodigiosin (panel 3). Note changes in gross morphology as well as tegument blebbing (arrows). Position of oral sucker and anterior-posterior axis are indicated.

Article Snippet: Compounds were obtained from the following vendors: Prodigiosin: BOC Sciences (Catalog number 82-89-3); Obatoclax: Apex Bio (Catalog number A419); Anisomycin: Sigma (Catalog number A9789); Nithiamide: Sigma (Catalog number 33978); Venetoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8048); Navitoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S1001); A-1331852: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7801); A-1210477: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7790); S63845: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8383).

Techniques: Imaging, Control

Journal: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Article Title: Identification of anisomycin, prodigiosin and obatoclax as compounds with broad-spectrum anti-parasitic activity

doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008150

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mice infected with C . parvum oocysts were treated beginning on day 7 post infection with Vehicle (DMSO), positive control (MMV665917 at 60 mg/kg twice daily) or prodigiosin at 25mg/kg twice daily. Number of oocysts in the stool were counted at day 7 (day one of treatment) and day 11 (day four of treatment). Four mice per condition were used. Results for each individual animal are shown by a black dot (•).

Article Snippet: Compounds were obtained from the following vendors: Prodigiosin: BOC Sciences (Catalog number 82-89-3); Obatoclax: Apex Bio (Catalog number A419); Anisomycin: Sigma (Catalog number A9789); Nithiamide: Sigma (Catalog number 33978); Venetoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8048); Navitoclax: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S1001); A-1331852: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7801); A-1210477: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S7790); S63845: Selleckchem (Catalog Number S8383).

Techniques: Infection, Positive Control

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of the methods and tools used in this study. This schematic outlines the workflow of the study, starting with the drug‐likeness and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analysis of prodigiosin using the SwissADME server. Ligands and control compounds were retrieved from the PubChem database and prepared using PyMOL and AutoDockTools. Six viral proteins were obtained from the RCSB PDB and processed with Biovia Discovery Studio and AutoDockTools. Molecular docking studies using AutoDock Vina assessed the binding affinities of prodigiosin to viral proteins, identifying the best‐interacted pairs. These pairs were then subjected to molecular dynamics simulations using the Desmond package under the Schrödinger suite, evaluating stability and interactions through parameters like RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration and solvent‐accessible surface area.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Control, Binding Assay, Solvent

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Drug‐likeness properties of the prodigiosin.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Molecular Weight

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analysis of the prodigiosin.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Solubility, Permeability

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: The bioactivities of prodigiosin.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques:

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Interactions between Zika virus (ZIKV) NS5 MTase and ligands: (A) Three‐dimensional (3D) representation of bonds between ZIKV NS5 MTase and prodigiosin, (B) Two‐dimensional (2D) representation of bonds between ZIKV NS5 MTase and prodigiosin, (C) 3D representation of interactions between ZIKV NS5 MTase and the control ligand chloroquine (CID: 2719) and (D) 2D representation of interactions between ZIKV NS5 MTase and chloroquine.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Virus, Control

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Three‐dimensional (3D) and two‐dimensional (2D) interactions between prodigiosin and viral proteins: (A) Dengue virus (DENV) NS2B/NS3 protease, (B) DENV NS3 helicase, (C) Zika virus (ZIKV) NS2B/NS3 protease and (D) ZIKV NS3 helicase.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Interactions between Dengue virus (DENV) NS5 MTase and ligands: (A) Three‐dimensional (3D) representation of bonds between DENV NS5 MTase and prodigiosin, (B) Two‐dimensional (2D) representation of bonds between DENV NS5 MTase and prodigiosin, (C) 3D representation of bonds between DENV NS5 MTase and Ribavirin 5’‐triphosphate (control) and (D) 2D representation of bonds between DENV NS5 MTase and Ribavirin 5’‐triphosphate (control).

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Virus, Control

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) and Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) analyses of NS5 MTase proteins: (A) RMSD values for the NS5 MTase proteins in four complexes: Zika virus (ZIKV) NS5 MTase with prodigiosin (CID 135455579) (blue), ZIKV NS5 MTase with chloroquine (CID 2719) (orange), DENV NS5 MTase with prodigiosin (CID 135455579) (ash) and Dengue virus (DENV) NS5 MTase with ribavirin 5’‐triphosphate (CID 122108) (yellow). (B) RMSF values for the same protein‐ligand complexes, with the colour scheme corresponding to the same complexes as in (A).

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Radius of Gyration (rGyr) and Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA) analysis of protein‐ligand complexes: (A) The radius of gyration (rGyr) values for the four complexes are shown, with Zika virus (ZIKV) NS5 MTase—CID 135455579 (prodigiosin) in blue, ZIKV NS5 MTase—CID 2719 (chloroquine, control) in orange, Dengue virus (DENV) NS5 MTase—CID 135455579 (prodigiosin) in ash and DENV NS5 MTase—CID 122108 (ribavirin 5'‐triphosphate, control) in yellow. (B) The Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA) for NS5 MTase proteins in the four complexes is depicted, utilizing the same colour coding as in (A) to represent the respective complexes.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Solvent, Virus, Control

Journal: Analytical Science Advances

Article Title: Prodigiosin Demonstrates Promising Antiviral Activity Against Dengue Virus and Zika Virus in In‐silico Study

doi: 10.1002/ansa.202400039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bar charts presenting the interactions of protein‐ligand complexes during the 100 ns simulation. (A) Interactions between Zika virus (ZIKV) NS5 MTase and prodigiosin (CID 135455579), (B) Interactions between ZIKV NS5 MTase and chloroquine (CID 2719). (C) and (D) Interactions between Dengue virus (DENV) NS5 MTase and prodigiosin (CID 135455579) and DENV NS5 MTase and ribavirin 5'‐triphosphate (CID 122108), respectively.

Article Snippet: In addition, it met other key criteria, including Ghose's, Veber's and Muegge's filters, indicating that prodigiosin possesses optimal molecular weight, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, lipophilicity and molar refractivity.

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Marine bacterial sources of colored pigmented compounds.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin , Prodigiosin, Antibiotic Prodigiosin 25c , My BioSource Leap Chem Co., Ltd. , [ , , ] .

Techniques:

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed biosynthetic pathways of few bacterially produced bio-pigments. ( a ) Biosynthesis of Prodiginine analogs; MAP biosynthesis; MBC biosynthesis; Tambjamine biosynthesis; Cyloprodigiosin biosynthesis; 2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)prodigiosin (HBPG) biosynthesis. ( b ) Biosynthesis of carotenoids. ( c ) Biosynthesis of scytonemin. ( d ) Biosynthesis of salinixanthin and retinal pigments. ( a ) Biosynthesis of prodigioinine analogs. MAP Biosythesis (Green): (1) 2octenal, (2) Pyruvate, (3) 3-acetyloctanal, (4) H2MAP, (5) MAP. MBC Biosynthesis (Blue), (6) L-proline, (7) L-prolyl-S-PCP intermediate, (8) Pyrrolyl2-carboxyl-S-PCP, (9) Pyrrole-2-carboxyl thioester, (10) Malonyl-CoA, (11) Bound malonyl, (12) pyrrolyl-β-ketothioester on PigH, (13) 4-hydroxy-2,20-bipyrrole-5methanol (HBM), (14) 4-hydroxy-2,20-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde (HBC), (15) MBC, (16) Prodigiosin. Tambjamine Biosynthesis, (17) Dodecenoic acid, (18) Activated fatty acid, (19) CoA-ester, (20) Enamine, (21) Tambjamine, (22) Cycloprodigiosin (cPrG) &, (23) 2-(p-hydroxybenzyl)prodigiosin(HBPG) Biosynthesis. ( b ). Biosynthesis of carotenoids: CrtE: GGPP synthase, IPP: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, GGPP: Geranylgeranyl pyrophos, CrtB: Phytoene synthase, CrtI: Phytoene desaturase, CrtY: lycopene β-cyclase, CrtW: β-carotene ketolase, CrtZ: β-carotene hydroxylase, CrtG: Astaxanthin 2,2′-β-ionone ring hydroxylase gene. ( c ). Biosynthesis of scytonemin: Scytonemin biosynthetic enzymes: ScyA, ScyB, ScyC (ScyA: a thiamin-dependent enzyme, ScyC: enzyme annotated as a hypothetical protein), ThDP: Thiamine diphosphate, NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Mg 2+ : Magnesium ion.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin , Prodigiosin, Antibiotic Prodigiosin 25c , My BioSource Leap Chem Co., Ltd. , [ , , ] .

Techniques: Produced

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic applications of bio-pigments extracted from marine bacterial isolates.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin , Prodigiosin, Antibiotic Prodigiosin 25c , My BioSource Leap Chem Co., Ltd. , [ , , ] .

Techniques: Inhibition

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Industrial applications of bio-pigments extracted from marine bacterial isolates.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin , Prodigiosin, Antibiotic Prodigiosin 25c , My BioSource Leap Chem Co., Ltd. , [ , , ] .

Techniques: Staining, Irradiation

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: An Overview on Industrial and Medical Applications of Bio-Pigments Synthesized by Marine Bacteria

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9010011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Different industrial products and nutritional supplements utilizing pigmented compounds along with manufacturers, product brands, suppliers and company coverage.

Article Snippet: Prodigiosin , Prodigiosin, Antibiotic Prodigiosin 25c , My BioSource Leap Chem Co., Ltd. , [ , , ] .

Techniques: Derivative Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Natural Products as Anticancer Agents: Current Status and Future Perspectives

doi: 10.3390/molecules27238367

Figure Lengend Snippet: Some of the important natural products in managing different types of cancers.

Article Snippet: Serratia marcescens , Prodigiosin , C 20 H 25 N 3 O , 323.4 , ↓Cyclin D1, ↑beclin-1, ↓mTOR, ↓PI3K/Akt, G0/G1 phase arrest , OECM1 and SAS cell lines , IC 50 : 1.59 and 3.25 μM , Breast, gastric, colon, and hematopoietic cancer , [ ] .

Techniques: Molecular Weight, Derivative Assay, Mutagenesis

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Prodigiosin Promotes Nrf2 Activation to Inhibit Oxidative Stress Induced by Microcystin-LR in HepG2 Cells

doi: 10.3390/toxins11070403

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Cell viability of HepG2 after prodigiosin (200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, 12,800 nM) treatment for 24 h. ( b ) Effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) (1 μM) and prodigiosin (0.2 and 0.4 μM) on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Values are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: HepG2 cells were seeded in 6-cm-dish at 37 °C for 20 to 28 h; then prodigiosin (Enzo Life sciences, New York, NY, USA) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 0.2 or 0.4 μM for 6 h. In the last 1 h, MC-LR (Taiwan Algal Science Inc., Taiwan, China, purity ≥95%) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 1 μM for 1 h.

Techniques:

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Prodigiosin Promotes Nrf2 Activation to Inhibit Oxidative Stress Induced by Microcystin-LR in HepG2 Cells

doi: 10.3390/toxins11070403

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Prodigiosin (0.4 μM) affected the level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phase II enzyme in time dependence. ( b ) Effects of MC-LR (1 μM) and prodigiosin (0.2 and 0.4 μM) on the levels of Nrf2, Keap1, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADP(H): ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) protein. Values were presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05 vs. the relative control group.

Article Snippet: HepG2 cells were seeded in 6-cm-dish at 37 °C for 20 to 28 h; then prodigiosin (Enzo Life sciences, New York, NY, USA) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 0.2 or 0.4 μM for 6 h. In the last 1 h, MC-LR (Taiwan Algal Science Inc., Taiwan, China, purity ≥95%) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 1 μM for 1 h.

Techniques:

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Prodigiosin Promotes Nrf2 Activation to Inhibit Oxidative Stress Induced by Microcystin-LR in HepG2 Cells

doi: 10.3390/toxins11070403

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Effects of prodigiosin (0.4 μM) and MC-LR (1 μM) on Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus performed with immunofluorescence analysis; ( b ) Effects of prodigiosin (0.4 μM) and MC-LR (1 μM) on nuclear Nrf2 accumulation performed with Western blot analysis. Values are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05 vs relative control group.

Article Snippet: HepG2 cells were seeded in 6-cm-dish at 37 °C for 20 to 28 h; then prodigiosin (Enzo Life sciences, New York, NY, USA) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 0.2 or 0.4 μM for 6 h. In the last 1 h, MC-LR (Taiwan Algal Science Inc., Taiwan, China, purity ≥95%) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 1 μM for 1 h.

Techniques: Translocation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Prodigiosin Promotes Nrf2 Activation to Inhibit Oxidative Stress Induced by Microcystin-LR in HepG2 Cells

doi: 10.3390/toxins11070403

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of MG132 (10 μM), prodigiosin (0.4 μM), and MC-LR (1 μM) on Nrf2 ubiquitination. ( a ) Protein extracted normally was detected by Western blot, and was used as a control. ( b ) Nrf2 protein was extracted after immunoprecipitation with Nrf2 and was then detected by Western blot with the ubiquitin antibody. ( c ) Quantification of ubiquitin protein bands. Values are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05 vs. relative control group.

Article Snippet: HepG2 cells were seeded in 6-cm-dish at 37 °C for 20 to 28 h; then prodigiosin (Enzo Life sciences, New York, NY, USA) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 0.2 or 0.4 μM for 6 h. In the last 1 h, MC-LR (Taiwan Algal Science Inc., Taiwan, China, purity ≥95%) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 1 μM for 1 h.

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation

Journal: Toxins

Article Title: Prodigiosin Promotes Nrf2 Activation to Inhibit Oxidative Stress Induced by Microcystin-LR in HepG2 Cells

doi: 10.3390/toxins11070403

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Effects of MC-LR (1 μM) and prodigiosin (0.4 μM) on intracellular ROS production in Nrf2-knocked down HepG2 cells. Data were determined by adopting spectrofluorimetry. ( b ) Effects of MC-LR (1 μM) and prodigiosin (0.4 μM) on Nrf2 level in Nrf2-knocked down HepG2 cells. Results were shown as Western blot for control ShRNA and Nrf2 ShRNA. Values were presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: HepG2 cells were seeded in 6-cm-dish at 37 °C for 20 to 28 h; then prodigiosin (Enzo Life sciences, New York, NY, USA) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 0.2 or 0.4 μM for 6 h. In the last 1 h, MC-LR (Taiwan Algal Science Inc., Taiwan, China, purity ≥95%) stock solution was added directly to cell culture media at a final concentration of 1 μM for 1 h.

Techniques: Western Blot, shRNA