Journal: Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particle inhalation in conjunction with high-fat diet consumption alters the expression of pulmonary SARS-COV-2 infection pathways, which is mitigated by probiotic treatment in C57BL/6 male mice

doi: 10.1186/s12989-024-00601-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Probiotic treatment mitigates the DEP-mediated increase of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein expression in the bronchioles of C57BL/6 mice. Representative images of ACE2 expression in the bronchioles of C57Bl/6 mice on a high-fat (HF) diet exposed to either ( A - C ) saline (CON), ( D - F ) DEP – 35 µg PM, ( G - I ) saline and probiotics (PRO) − 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 10 7 cfu/day), or ( J - L ) DEP and probiotics. Red fluorescence indicates ACE2 expression, the blue fluorescence indicates nuclear staining (Hoechst). The right panels (C, F, I, L) are overlayed figures of the left (blue; A, D, G, J) and center (red; B, E, H, K) panels. M Graph of histological analysis of lung ACE2 mean fluorescence (minimum of 4 sections per slide and n = 3 per group) and N mean normalized gene expression of ACE2 mRNA transcript expression within the lungs, as determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 6–8 per group). 40x magnification, scale bar = 100 μm. The data are presented as mean ± SEM with * p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON, † p < 0.05 compared to HF + DEP, ‡ p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON + PRO by two-way ANOVA. The brightness of the nuclei image panels was increased by 40% and the overlay images were increased by 10%, as shown in this figure

Article Snippet: Furthermore, as previous studies have shown that probiotic treatment can protect against exposure-related inflammatory outcomes in the lungs, a subset of study animals fed a HF diet were concurrently treated with 0.3 g/day Winclove Ecologic ® Barrier probiotics in their drinking water throughout the study.

Techniques: Expressing, Saline, Probiotics, Fluorescence, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particle inhalation in conjunction with high-fat diet consumption alters the expression of pulmonary SARS-COV-2 infection pathways, which is mitigated by probiotic treatment in C57BL/6 male mice

doi: 10.1186/s12989-024-00601-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Probiotic treatment mitigated the DEP- and HF diet-mediated increase in transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) protein expression in the bronchioles of C57BL/6 mice. Representative images of TMPRSS2 expression in the bronchioles of C57Bl/6 mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet exposed to either (A-C) saline (CON), (D-F) DEP – 35 µg PM, (G-I) saline and probiotics (PRO) − 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 10 7 cfu/day), or (J-L) DEP and probiotics. Red fluorescence indicates TMPRSS2 expression, and blue fluorescence indicates the nuclear staining (Hoechst). The right panels ( C , F , I , L ) are overlayed figures of the left (blue; A, D, G, J) and center (red; B, E, H, K) panels. M Graph of histological analysis of lung TMPRSS2 mean fluorescence (minimum of 4 sections per slide and n = 3 per group) and N mean normalized gene expression of TMPRSS2 mRNA transcript expression within the lungs, as determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 6–8 per group). 40x magnification, scale bar = 100 μm. The data are presented as mean ± SEM with * p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON, † p < 0.05 compared to HF + DEP, ‡ p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON + PRO by two-way ANOVA

Article Snippet: Furthermore, as previous studies have shown that probiotic treatment can protect against exposure-related inflammatory outcomes in the lungs, a subset of study animals fed a HF diet were concurrently treated with 0.3 g/day Winclove Ecologic ® Barrier probiotics in their drinking water throughout the study.

Techniques: Expressing, Saline, Probiotics, Fluorescence, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particle inhalation in conjunction with high-fat diet consumption alters the expression of pulmonary SARS-COV-2 infection pathways, which is mitigated by probiotic treatment in C57BL/6 male mice

doi: 10.1186/s12989-024-00601-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Probiotic treatment mitigated the DEP- and HF diet-mediated increase of androgen receptor (AR) protein expression in the bronchioles of C57BL/6 mice. Representative images of AR expression in the bronchioles of C57Bl/6 mice on a high-fat (HF) diet exposed to either (A-C) saline (CON), (D-F) DEP – 35 µg PM, (G-I) saline and probiotics (PRO) − 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 10 7 cfu/day), or (J-L) DEP and probiotics. Red fluorescence indicates AR expression, and blue fluorescence indicates the nuclear staining (Hoechst). The right panels (C, F, I, L) are overlayed figures of the left (blue; A, D, G, J) and center (red; B, E, H, K) panels. M Graph of histological analysis of lung AR mean fluorescence (minimum of 4 sections per slide and n = 3 per group) and N mean normalized gene expression of AR mRNA transcript expression within the lungs, as determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 6–8 per group). 40x magnification, scale bar = 100 μm. The data are presented as mean ± SEM with * p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON, † p < 0.05 compared to HF + DEP, ‡ p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON + PRO by two-way ANOVA

Article Snippet: Furthermore, as previous studies have shown that probiotic treatment can protect against exposure-related inflammatory outcomes in the lungs, a subset of study animals fed a HF diet were concurrently treated with 0.3 g/day Winclove Ecologic ® Barrier probiotics in their drinking water throughout the study.

Techniques: Expressing, Saline, Probiotics, Fluorescence, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particle inhalation in conjunction with high-fat diet consumption alters the expression of pulmonary SARS-COV-2 infection pathways, which is mitigated by probiotic treatment in C57BL/6 male mice

doi: 10.1186/s12989-024-00601-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Probiotic treatment mitigates DEP- and HF diet-mediated increase of neuropilin 1 (NRP1) protein expression in the bronchioles of C57BL/6 mice. Representative images of NRP1 expression in the bronchioles of C57Bl/6 mice on a high-fat (HF) diet exposed to either (A-C) saline (CON), (D-F) DEP – 35 µg PM, (G-I) saline and probiotics (PRO) − 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 10 7 cfu/day), or (J-L) DEP and probiotics. Red fluorescence indicates NRP1 expression, and blue fluorescence indicates the nuclear staining (Hoechst). The right panels (C, F, I, L) are overlayed figures of the left (blue; A, D, G, J) and center (red; B, E, H, K) panels. M Graph of histological analysis of lung NRP1 mean fluorescence (minimum of 4 sections per slide and n = 3 per group) and N mean normalized gene expression of NRP1 mRNA transcript expression within the lungs, as determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 6–8 per group). 40x magnification, scale bar = 100 μm. The data are presented as mean ± SEM with * p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON, † p < 0.05 compared to HF + DEP, ‡ p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON + PRO by two-way ANOVA

Article Snippet: Furthermore, as previous studies have shown that probiotic treatment can protect against exposure-related inflammatory outcomes in the lungs, a subset of study animals fed a HF diet were concurrently treated with 0.3 g/day Winclove Ecologic ® Barrier probiotics in their drinking water throughout the study.

Techniques: Expressing, Saline, Probiotics, Fluorescence, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Article Title: Diesel exhaust particle inhalation in conjunction with high-fat diet consumption alters the expression of pulmonary SARS-COV-2 infection pathways, which is mitigated by probiotic treatment in C57BL/6 male mice

doi: 10.1186/s12989-024-00601-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Probiotic treatment mitigates DEP- and HF diet-mediated increase of furin protein expression in the bronchioles of C57BL/6 mice. Representative images of furin expression in the bronchioles of C57Bl/6 mice on a high-fat (HF) diet exposed to either ( A-C ) saline (CON), ( D-F ) DEP – 35 µg PM, ( G-I ) saline and probiotics (PRO) − 0.3 g/day (~ 7.5 × 10 7 cfu/day), or ( J-L ) DEP and probiotics. Red fluorescence indicates furin expression, and blue fluorescence indicates the nuclear staining (Hoechst). The right panels ( C , F , I , L ) are overlayed figures of the left (blue; A , D , G , J ) and center (red; B , E , H , K ) panels. M Graph of histological analysis of lung furin mean fluorescence (minimum of 4 sections per slide and n = 3 per group) and N mean normalized gene expression of furin mRNA transcript expression within the lungs, as determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 6–8 per group). 40x magnification, scale bar = 100 μm. The data are presented as mean ± SEM with * p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON, † p < 0.05 compared to HF + DEP, ‡ p < 0.05 compared to HF + CON + PRO by two-way ANOVA

Article Snippet: Furthermore, as previous studies have shown that probiotic treatment can protect against exposure-related inflammatory outcomes in the lungs, a subset of study animals fed a HF diet were concurrently treated with 0.3 g/day Winclove Ecologic ® Barrier probiotics in their drinking water throughout the study.

Techniques: Expressing, Saline, Probiotics, Fluorescence, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR