Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematics illustrating the process for quantifying the amount of viable infectious C. pneumoniae present in various mouse tissues. ( A ) Mice were first intranasally inoculated with C. pneumoniae (i), some with epithelial injury and some without. Following either 24 h, 3 days or 7 days or 28 days post inoculation, selected tissues were collected and homogenised in tubes (ii). Homogenates were serially diluted onto HEp-2 cells and incubated (iii). Cells were fixed and immunolabelled for C. pneumoniae inclusions, which were counted and the number of inclusion-forming units (IFUs) per mL of homogenate was determined. Data were then compiled into organ (tissue) load graphs (see Fig. ). ( B ) Microscopic image showing a sagittal tissue section of a mouse brain. Cell nuclei/DNA are shown in blue (DAPI stain). Key anatomical locations include the nasal cavity (NC), olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory bulb (OB), trigeminal nerve (Tg; not visible so approximate location is shown by white dotted line) and the brain. Scale bar in µm.

Article Snippet: Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39 (ATCC 53592) is a human pharyngeal isolate and was propagated in Hep-2 cells (sourced from the ATCC CCL-23).

Techniques: Incubation, Staining

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. pneumoniae infects the nasal peripheral nerves and brain in mice with or without pre-injured nasal epithelium after intranasal inoculation. ( A , B ) Graph showing the amounts of C. pneumoniae IFUs isolated from various tissues of mice with or without pre-injured olfactory epithelium at 3 and 7 days post C. pneumoniae inoculation. Infectious C. pneumoniae organisms were isolated from the olfactory mucosa, olfactory bulb, trigeminal nerve and brain (n = 9/group). No C. pneumoniae was isolated from various tissues of control mice (vehicle only, n = 2). Data are shown as the mean number of inclusions ± SEM, n = 9/group. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01 ***p ≤ 0.001, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. For comparisons between non-injury Day 3 versus Day 7: a-a′ p ≤ 0.01, b-b′ p ≤ 0.01; for comparisons between injury Day 3 versus Day 7: c–c′ p ≤ 0.01, d-d′ p ≤ 0.001, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. ( C ) PCR amplification curves of blood for C. pneumoniae (Cpn) at 2, 3 and 4 days post intranasal inoculation. (+) shows the positive control in each graph. Samples tested include the control (vehicle only; N = 2), methimazole only (N = 2), methimazole + Cpn (N = 9) and Cpn only (N = 9).

Article Snippet: Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39 (ATCC 53592) is a human pharyngeal isolate and was propagated in Hep-2 cells (sourced from the ATCC CCL-23).

Techniques: Isolation, Control, Amplification, Positive Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. pneumoniae infects the nasal peripheral nerves and brain in mice after intranasal inoculation. Panels show images of tissue sections from control (vehicle only) and inoculated mice ( C. pneumoniae ) for both 3 days and 7 days post inoculation (p.i.). Images are representative ones from the olfactory nerve (ON) and olfactory bulb (OB) of 3 control mice, 3 C. pneumoniae -inoculated mice at 3 days p.i. and 3 inoculated mice at 7 days p.i. C. pneumoniae inclusions are shown in green ( C. pneumoniae immunolabelling) and indicated by arrows. Nuclei/DNA is shown in blue (DAPI stain). Panels show maximum projection of confocal microscopy z-stacks. ( A – C ) Olfactory nerve (ON). ( A ) Control (vehicle only). ( B ) 3 days p.i. ( C ) 7 days p.i. ( D – F ) The glomerular layer (GL) of the OB. ( D ) control. ( E ) 3 days p.i. ( F ) 7 days p.i. ( G ) The GL at 7 days p.i., immunostained with anti-S100 antibodies. ( H – L ) Trigeminal nerve (Tg). ( H ) control. I: 3 days p.i. ( J ) 7 days p.i. ( K , L ) 3D reconstruction of panel J. C. pneumoniae inclusions. ( K ) Inclusions (green) are within the Tg and contain DNA ( L ; blue, DAPI stain). Scale bars in µm. For a low-power image showing the approximate localization of the images, see Fig. B.

Article Snippet: Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39 (ATCC 53592) is a human pharyngeal isolate and was propagated in Hep-2 cells (sourced from the ATCC CCL-23).

Techniques: Control, Staining, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. pneumoniae is associated with Aβ peptide accumulation in both the olfactory nerve (ON) and the glomerular layer (GL) of the olfactory bulb (OB). Images show maximum projections of confocal microscopy z-stacks from vehicle control mice and C. pneumoniae -inoculated mice, 3, 7 and 28 days p.i. Images are representative ones from the ON or OB of 3 control and 3 inoculated mice. Immunolabelling shows Aβ peptide (anti-Aβ1-42) (red), C. pneumoniae (green) and DNA (DAPI, blue). ( A – D ) At 3 days, the ON of ( A , B ) a control mouse and ( C , D ) a C. pneumoniae -inoculated mouse. Arrows show the location of C. pneumoniae inclusions (green in C ). Panels ( B ) and ( D ) show only Aβ immunolabelling (red). ( E – H ) Similarly, at 7 days the immunolabelling of the ON in ( E , F ) control and ( E , F ) inoculated mice. ( I – L ) At 7 days, the GL in ( I , J ) a control mouse and ( K , L ) a C. pneumoniae -inoculated mouse. Panels ( J and L ): Aβ immunolabelling only (red). Arrows indicate C. pneumoniae inclusions. ( M ) A 3D reconstruction of panel ( K ) showing Aβ (red) surrounding a C. pneumoniae inclusion (green). (N–O) Images of GL regions within the same tissue section of a C. pneumoniae-inoculated mouse, showing areas where C. pneumoniae inclusions are, or are not, localized. ( N ) A GL area were C. pneumoniae inclusions were detected. Inclusions (green) were associated with Aβ accumulation (red). ( O ) An adjacent GL region where inclusions were not detected. Only diffuse Aβ immunolabelling is seen (red). ( P , Q ) At 28 days, the GL of ( P ) a control mouse and ( Q ) a C. pneumoniae -inoculated mouse. Arrows indicate C. pneumoniae inclusions; Aβ (red). Scale bars in µm.

Article Snippet: Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39 (ATCC 53592) is a human pharyngeal isolate and was propagated in Hep-2 cells (sourced from the ATCC CCL-23).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. pneumoniae infection of the olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb and brain after injury to the olfactory epithelium. Panels show confocal images (maximum projection of z-stacks, A – I ) of tissue sections from vehicle control and C. pneumoniae -inoculated mice, all with pre-injured olfactory epithelium before inoculation/vehicle treatment. Images are representative from n = 3 animals per group. C. pneumoniae inclusions are shown in green (immunolabelling) with nuclei/DNA in blue (DAPI stain). ( A – C ) The olfactory nerve (ON) in ( A ) control mice and mice inoculated with C. pneumoniae, ( B ) 3 days and ( C ) 7 days post inoculation. ( D – F ) The glomerular layer (GL) of the olfactory bulb in ( D ) control mice and inoculated mice ( E ) 3 days and ( F ) 7 days after inoculation. ( G ) A 3D reconstruction of the C. pneumoniae inclusion in panel ( F ) (green; arrow); ( H ) the same 3D reconstruction as panel ( G ), showing only the DAPI staining (blue), where bacterial DNA within C. pneumoniae inclusion is distinct from host cell DNA (arrow pointing to bacterial DNA). ( I ) Image showing a C. pneumoniae inclusion in the olfactory piriform cortex seven days after inoculation (green; arrow); ( J , K ) a 3D reconstruction and render of the C. pneumoniae inclusion shown in ( I ), with C. pneumoniae in green ( J ) and bacterial DNA shown in K , arrow). Scale bars in µm.

Article Snippet: Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39 (ATCC 53592) is a human pharyngeal isolate and was propagated in Hep-2 cells (sourced from the ATCC CCL-23).

Techniques: Infection, Control, Staining

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06749-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. pneumoniae can infect glial cells from the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, olfactory bulb and brain. Cultured glia (OECs, TgSCs, astrocytes and microglia) from S100β-DsRed mice, in which glia express DsRed, were inoculated with C. pneumoniae (Cpn) for 72 h, along with HEp-2 cells. ( A – J ′) Maximum projection images from confocal microscopy z-stacks of control cells and C. pneumoniae -inoculated cells. Nuclei are stained with Hoechst (cyan). ( A , C , E , G , I ) Cells treated with cell culture medium alone (control; glia in red). ( B , D , F , H , J ) Cells inoculated with C. pneumoniae . Immunolabelling showed C. pneumoniae inclusions in the cells (green; arrows). ( J - J ′) Merged image shown in ( J ), C. pneumoniae inclusions alone shown in ( J′ ). Scale bars in µm. ( K ) Graph showing the amounts of C. pneumoniae IFUs isolated from the cell cultures. The infectious yield of C. pneumoniae was significantly different between glia and HEp-2 cells (***p ≤ 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). Data shown as the mean number of inclusions ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Chlamydia pneumoniae AR39 (ATCC 53592) is a human pharyngeal isolate and was propagated in Hep-2 cells (sourced from the ATCC CCL-23).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Confocal Microscopy, Control, Staining, Isolation

Journal: Anti-Infective Agents

Article Title: Novel Diazenyl Containing Phenyl Styryl Ketone Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

doi: 10.2174/2211352516666180927111546

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-TB microplate alamar blue assay for standard. Image showing anti-tubercular results for standard drugs- pyrazinamide, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin.

Article Snippet: Ciprofloxacin standard against S.aureus - (ATCC No: 12598) MIC 2μg/ml, Bacillus sps - (ATCC No: 6051) MIC 2 μg/ml), E.coli -(ATCC No: 25922) MIC 2μg/ml), K.Pneumoniae -(ATCC No: 29665) MIC 1μg/ml.

Techniques: Alamar Blue Assay

Journal: Anti-Infective Agents

Article Title: Novel Diazenyl Containing Phenyl Styryl Ketone Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

doi: 10.2174/2211352516666180927111546

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structure of ciprofloxacin.

Article Snippet: Ciprofloxacin standard against S.aureus - (ATCC No: 12598) MIC 2μg/ml, Bacillus sps - (ATCC No: 6051) MIC 2 μg/ml), E.coli -(ATCC No: 25922) MIC 2μg/ml), K.Pneumoniae -(ATCC No: 29665) MIC 1μg/ml.

Techniques:

Journal: Anti-Infective Agents

Article Title: Novel Diazenyl Containing Phenyl Styryl Ketone Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

doi: 10.2174/2211352516666180927111546

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overlapped structures Ciprofloxacin and Compound 3FP.

Article Snippet: Ciprofloxacin standard against S.aureus - (ATCC No: 12598) MIC 2μg/ml, Bacillus sps - (ATCC No: 6051) MIC 2 μg/ml), E.coli -(ATCC No: 25922) MIC 2μg/ml), K.Pneumoniae -(ATCC No: 29665) MIC 1μg/ml.

Techniques:

Journal: Anti-Infective Agents

Article Title: Novel Diazenyl Containing Phenyl Styryl Ketone Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

doi: 10.2174/2211352516666180927111546

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC against Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the synthesized chalcones (3AP-3JP).

Article Snippet: Ciprofloxacin standard against S.aureus - (ATCC No: 12598) MIC 2μg/ml, Bacillus sps - (ATCC No: 6051) MIC 2 μg/ml), E.coli -(ATCC No: 25922) MIC 2μg/ml), K.Pneumoniae -(ATCC No: 29665) MIC 1μg/ml.

Techniques: Synthesized