Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Effect of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Combination with Undecylenamidopropyl Betaine or PslG on Biofilm Clearance

doi: 10.3390/ijms22020768

Figure Lengend Snippet: Determination of the polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) concentration that can prevent biofilm formation and disrupt the preformed biofilm of P. aeruginosa . PHMB with concentrations from 0.02% to 0.0002% was added to P. aeruginosa biofilm culture to determine: ( A ) The inhibitory concentration of PHMB on P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. ( B ) PHMB concentration on removing P. aeruginosa preformed biofilms. The culture of 24-h-old P. aeruginosa biofilms were replaced with either fresh Jensen’s medium (Untreated column) or a series of concentrations of PHMB diluted in Jensen’s medium. After 24 h of treatment, the remaining biofilm biomass on wells were determined. ( C ) Bactericidal concentration of PHMB at killing planktonic cells in preformed biofilm culture of P. aeruginosa . After 24 h of treatment, optical density at 600 nm (OD 600 ) of planktonic cells in each well was measured. Shown are the averages of three independent experiments and standard deviations. Significance were determined using Student’s t -test (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Subsequently, overnight culture was diluted into minimal medium to test the bactericidal and anti-biofilm effect of PHMB (VANTOCIL TG 45014-3628Z, LONZA, West Yorkshire, UK) and UB (REWOTERIC AM B U 185.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Effect of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Combination with Undecylenamidopropyl Betaine or PslG on Biofilm Clearance

doi: 10.3390/ijms22020768

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effect of PHMB, undecylenamidopropyl betaine (UB), and PHMB + UB (PHMB in combination with UB) on different stages of P. aeruginosa biofilms. 0.02% PHMB and 0.1% UB was applied to determine their individual or in combination effect on ( A ) preventing P. aeruginosa attachment; ( B ) inhibiting biofilm formation from early to late stages; ( C ) disrupting preformed biofilm in 24 h. ( D ) Live/Dead staining of P. aeruginosa biofilm was applied to determine the bactericidal capacity of PHMB and UB on P. aeruginosa biofilm cells. P. aeruginosa 24 h-old pellicles were treated with PHMB, UB, and PHMB+UB for 6 h. Images were acquired by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Live bacteria were stained green with SYTO 9. Dead bacteria were stained red with propidium iodide (PI) . Scale bar, 20 μm. ( E ) Live/dead-cell ratio of P. aeruginosa pellicles with PHMB, UB, and PHMB+UB treatments for 6h. Biofilm biomass was quantified using COMSTAT software. Significance were determined using Student ’s t -test (“ns”, not significant, p > 0.05; **** p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Subsequently, overnight culture was diluted into minimal medium to test the bactericidal and anti-biofilm effect of PHMB (VANTOCIL TG 45014-3628Z, LONZA, West Yorkshire, UK) and UB (REWOTERIC AM B U 185.

Techniques: Staining, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Bacteria, Software

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Effect of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Combination with Undecylenamidopropyl Betaine or PslG on Biofilm Clearance

doi: 10.3390/ijms22020768

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bactericidal capacity of PHMB, UB, and PHMB + UB against biofilms of different pathogens: ( A ) E. coli ; ( B ) S. aureus ; ( C ) C. albicans . Left panels represent the effect of antiseptics on preventing pathogens attachment. Middle panels show the effect of antiseptics at inhibiting biofilm formation. Right panels indicate clearance capacity of antiseptics on preformed biofilms of each pathogen. Shown are the averages of three independent experiments and standard deviations. Significance were determined using Student ’s t -test (“ns”, not significant, p > 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Subsequently, overnight culture was diluted into minimal medium to test the bactericidal and anti-biofilm effect of PHMB (VANTOCIL TG 45014-3628Z, LONZA, West Yorkshire, UK) and UB (REWOTERIC AM B U 185.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Effect of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide in Combination with Undecylenamidopropyl Betaine or PslG on Biofilm Clearance

doi: 10.3390/ijms22020768

Figure Lengend Snippet: PslG treatment efficiently reduced the biofilm biomass of different pathogens. Preformed biofilms were treated with PHMB for 2 h, PslG for 30 min, or PHMB (2 h) after pre-treatment with PslG for 30 min (PslG+PHMB). ( A ) Disruption of P. aeruginosa biofilm. ( B ) Disruption of E. coli biofilm. ( C ) Disruption of S. aureus biofilm. ( D ) Disruption of C. albicans biofilm. Shown are the averages of three independent experiments and standard deviations. Significance were determined using Student ’s t -test (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Subsequently, overnight culture was diluted into minimal medium to test the bactericidal and anti-biofilm effect of PHMB (VANTOCIL TG 45014-3628Z, LONZA, West Yorkshire, UK) and UB (REWOTERIC AM B U 185.

Techniques: Disruption

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Fungal cell barriers and organelles are disrupted by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29756-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fluorescence imaging showing the reduction of Con A- membrane fluorescence following exposure to increasing concentrations of PHMB. ( A ) S. cerevisiae cultures were treated with PHMB-rhodamine at 4 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml ( B ) C. albicans cultures were treated with 8 µg/ml and 12 µg/ml. Cultures were incubated at room temperature for 4 h and counter-stained with Con A-Alexa Fluor 488. Untreated control = growth media only. Images show quenching of membrane fluorescence intensity with increasing PHMB concentration. Graphs show measured fluorescence intensity of sampled cells (n = 20) at four symmetrical points along the cell membrane and averaged (mean ± SD). Membrane fluorescence was analysed by RM One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Article Snippet: PHMB and PHMB labelled with rhodamine (PHMB–rhodamine) were obtained from Tecrea Ltd, UK and stock solutions were made in sterile dH 2 O. Terbinafine (Sigma-Aldrich) stock solutions were made in 80% ethanol.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Imaging, Membrane, Incubation, Staining, Control, Concentration Assay, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Fungal cell barriers and organelles are disrupted by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29756-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal imaging of S. cerevisiae incubated with PHMB. S. cerevisiae were treated with PHMB-rhodamine (4 µg/ml) for 4 h at room temp. Cells were counterstained with DAPI and Con A-Alexa Fluor 488 and imaged by confocal microscopy. Top panels: Confocal images before (left) and after (right) image processing by SRRF. Bottom-left panel: Cross-sectional view of confocal Z-stacks of S. cerevisiae (59 slices). Images show PHMB-rhodamine accumulation within the cytosol and co-localisation with the nucleus (DAPI). The graph confirms high intracellular accumulation of PHMB-rhodamine.

Article Snippet: PHMB and PHMB labelled with rhodamine (PHMB–rhodamine) were obtained from Tecrea Ltd, UK and stock solutions were made in sterile dH 2 O. Terbinafine (Sigma-Aldrich) stock solutions were made in 80% ethanol.

Techniques: Imaging, Incubation, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Fungal cell barriers and organelles are disrupted by polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)

doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29756-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal imaging of C. albicans incubated with PHMB. C. albicans were treated with PHMB-rhodamine (4 µg/ml) for 4 h at room temp. Cells were counterstained with DAPI and Con A-Alexa Fluor 488 and imaged by confocal microscopy. Top panels: Confocal images before (left) and after (right) image processing by SRRF. Bottom-left panel: Cross-sectional view of confocal Z-stacks of C. albicans (35 slices). Images show PHMB-rhodamine accumulation within the cytosol and co-localisation with the nucleus (DAPI). The graph confirms high intracellular accumulation of PHMB-rhodamine.

Article Snippet: PHMB and PHMB labelled with rhodamine (PHMB–rhodamine) were obtained from Tecrea Ltd, UK and stock solutions were made in sterile dH 2 O. Terbinafine (Sigma-Aldrich) stock solutions were made in 80% ethanol.

Techniques: Imaging, Incubation, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Medicines

Article Title: Minimising Blood Stream Infection: Developing New Materials for Intravascular Catheters

doi: 10.3390/medicines7090049

Figure Lengend Snippet: Commercial catheter incorporating antimicrobial/antifouling features.

Article Snippet: Kimal , Altius ® ProActiv+ , Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) , Contact.

Techniques:

Journal: Healthcare

Article Title: Antifungal Effect of Non-Woven Textiles Containing Polyhexamethylene Biguanide with Sophorolipid: A Potential Method for Tinea Pedis Prevention

doi: 10.3390/healthcare2020183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Permeability of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) into stratum corneum. Permeability was assessed using a cultured skin model. PHMB was added to the culture medium with a final concentration of 0.1%, with 0.1 and 1% of sophorolipid, then incubatedfor 120 min. Inner stratum corneum PHMB concentration was quantified via polyvinylsulphuric acid potassium salt titration. Data represent mean with SD ( n = 3). * p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; Arch UK Biocides Ltd., Blackley, UK) alone or with 0.1 or 1% sophorolipid (synthesized as previously described [ ]) was added to the top of the stratum corneum of a three-dimensional cultured human skin model (LSE-high, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and quantified in the stratum corneum after 120 min to determine the degree of permeation.

Techniques: Permeability, Cell Culture, Concentration Assay, Titration

Journal: Healthcare

Article Title: Antifungal Effect of Non-Woven Textiles Containing Polyhexamethylene Biguanide with Sophorolipid: A Potential Method for Tinea Pedis Prevention

doi: 10.3390/healthcare2020183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cytotoxicity of PHMB with sophorolipid. An MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxicity. Cell viability% = [(mean optical density of the sample − blank)/(mean optical density of the control − blank)] × 100. Data represent mean with SD ( n = 3). * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001, compared to the baseline value.

Article Snippet: Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; Arch UK Biocides Ltd., Blackley, UK) alone or with 0.1 or 1% sophorolipid (synthesized as previously described [ ]) was added to the top of the stratum corneum of a three-dimensional cultured human skin model (LSE-high, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and quantified in the stratum corneum after 120 min to determine the degree of permeation.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Control

Journal: Healthcare

Article Title: Antifungal Effect of Non-Woven Textiles Containing Polyhexamethylene Biguanide with Sophorolipid: A Potential Method for Tinea Pedis Prevention

doi: 10.3390/healthcare2020183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antifungal effect of PHMB with sophorolipid in vitro . Values indicate log-transformed colony forming units (CFUs). CFUs of fungi within each cultured tissue sample was determined by agar plate culture. Data represent mean with SD ( n = 3). * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001, compared to the baseline value.

Article Snippet: Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; Arch UK Biocides Ltd., Blackley, UK) alone or with 0.1 or 1% sophorolipid (synthesized as previously described [ ]) was added to the top of the stratum corneum of a three-dimensional cultured human skin model (LSE-high, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and quantified in the stratum corneum after 120 min to determine the degree of permeation.

Techniques: In Vitro, Transformation Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Healthcare

Article Title: Antifungal Effect of Non-Woven Textiles Containing Polyhexamethylene Biguanide with Sophorolipid: A Potential Method for Tinea Pedis Prevention

doi: 10.3390/healthcare2020183

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antifungal effect of PHMB in healthy volunteers. Values indicate log-transformed CFUs. To calculate log CFUs for each feet, we added 0.5 for each raw value. Value in the soap washing group was zero and not shown in this graph. Error bars indicate standard deviation ( n = 4). * p < 0.001, multiple comparison by Bonferroni adjustment.

Article Snippet: Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; Arch UK Biocides Ltd., Blackley, UK) alone or with 0.1 or 1% sophorolipid (synthesized as previously described [ ]) was added to the top of the stratum corneum of a three-dimensional cultured human skin model (LSE-high, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and quantified in the stratum corneum after 120 min to determine the degree of permeation.

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Standard Deviation, Comparison