Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Hyper-Glycosylation as a Central Metabolic Driver of Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.30.651461

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Diagram illustrating the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway highlighting the intervention point at phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) and glucosamine to modulate glycosylation. b-c , Experimental design schemes showing the genetic knockdown of PGM3 via shRNA delivery (b) and dietary modulation using oral glucosamine (GlcN) supplementation (c), both followed by a social memory test. d , Heatmap demonstrating global glycan abundance reduction in brains of 5xFAD mice treated with shPGM3 via lentivirus compared to scrambled control (shScr). e , Spatial glycomics images and corresponding violin plots quantifying significant reductions in glycan abundance in shPGM3-treated mice relative to controls. Statistical significance assessed by two-tailed t-tests. f , Heatmap depicting global glycan abundance increases in glucosamine (GlcN)-supplemented 5xFAD mice compared to water gavaged (H 2 O) controls. g , Spatial glycomics visualization and quantification indicating significant elevations in glycan abundance in GlcN-treated mice versus controls. Statistical significance assessed by two-tailed t-tests. (N=3 mice per group) h , Illustration of the social memory test paradigm, with interaction time expected to decrease over repeated exposures to familiar conspecifics. i-j , Social memory test results showing cognitive improvement in shPGM3-treated mice (i) and exacerbated cognitive deficits in glucosamine-supplemented mice (j). Data analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA; exact P-values indicated.

Article Snippet: To knock down glycan biosynthesis, short hairpin RNA targeting PGM3 (shPGM3, TL505905V; Origene) or control shScrambled lentivirus (TR30021V; Origene) was bilaterally injected into the lateral ventricles of 5xFAD mice.

Techniques: Glycoproteomics, Knockdown, shRNA, Control, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Hyper-Glycosylation as a Central Metabolic Driver of Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1101/2025.04.30.651461

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Representative immunofluorescence images showing GFAP (astrocyte marker, red) and Aβ (amyloid plaques, green) staining in the hippocampus and cortex of 5xFAD mice treated with shScramble (shSCR) or shPGM3. Right panels show magnified views highlighting GFAP and Aβ signal distribution. b , Immunofluorescence staining of 5xFAD mice treated with glucosamine (GlcN) or water (H2O), showing GFAP (red), Aβ (green), and DAPI (blue) signals. c-d , Quantification of reactive astrocytes (c) and Aβ plaques (d) per mm² across hippocampus (hippo), cortex, and thalamus (tha) in 5xFAD mice treated with shPGM3 or shSCR. No significant differences were observed. Statistical analysis via two-tailed t-tests; exact P-values indicated. e-f , Quantification of reactive astrocytes (e) and Aβ plaques (f) in 5xFAD mice treated with GlcN or H2O. No significant differences in astrocyte activation or plaque load were detected across brain regions. Statistical analysis via two-tailed t-tests; exact P-values indicated.

Article Snippet: To knock down glycan biosynthesis, short hairpin RNA targeting PGM3 (shPGM3, TL505905V; Origene) or control shScrambled lentivirus (TR30021V; Origene) was bilaterally injected into the lateral ventricles of 5xFAD mice.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Marker, Staining, Two Tailed Test, Activation Assay

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Enhanced hexosamine metabolism drives metabolic and signaling networks involving hyaluronan production and O -GlcNAcylation to exacerbate breast cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-2034-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: mRNA expression of HBP enzymes in primary breast cancer cells

Article Snippet: The TaqMan gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) used were as follows: Assay ID: Mm01183874_m1 (GFAT1), Mm00496565_m1 (GFAT2), Mm00834602_mH (GNPNAT1), Mm01144498_m1 (PGM3), Mm01281909_m1 (UAP1), Mm00507317_m1 (OGT), and Mm00452409_m1 (OGA).

Techniques: Expressing