Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells). SMCs alone, with direct contact and without direct contact to isolated myenteric plexus cells.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Isolation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescence staining of enteric nervous system (ENS) cells co-cultured with smooth muscle cells in a three-dimensional HyStem-C hydrogel, showing ( a ) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)–positive glial fibers (magenta), ( b ) smooth muscle cells stained for smooth muscle actin (SMA, cyan), ( c ) neuronal fibers labeled with βIII-tubulin (Tuj1, green), and ( d ) merged image. Cell nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Non-specific staining observed in the SMA channel indicates the presence of additional cell types, likely fibroblasts. Scale bar 50 μm. ( e ) higher-magnification image of a GFAP-positive glial cell (magenta). Scale bar 100 μm.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Labeling

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Contracting muscle fibers in the live cultures of muscle cells together with ENS cells in HyStem-C Hydrogel (real time): ( a ) thin muscle fibers, ( b ) thick muscle fibers. Light microscopy.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Light Microscopy

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Smooth muscle and ENS cells in 3D scaffolds (14 days) co-cultured in 3D scaffold, showing neurons in green (ß-Tubulin III), muscle cells in red (smooth muscle actin (SMA)) and nuclei in blue (DRAQ5) ( a ) Confocal microscopy lower Magnification, ( b ) Confocal microscopy 3D structure in merged channels view from the side in higher magnification (Scale bars 50 μm) and ( c ) Confocal microscopy, separated channels view from above in higher magnification, ( d ) Electron microscopy of two muscle cells in close contact within the thickness of the three-dimensional matrix. The cells have large nuclei, an elongated shape, and actin microfilaments typical for muscle cells. Scale bar 2 μm, ( e ) Electron microscopy of plasma membrane of a muscle cell, with arrows indicating caveolae. Scale bar 200 nm.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Confocal Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, Clinical Proteomics, Membrane

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Images of 3 weeks old co-culture of ENS cells and muscle cells in different layouts: ( a ) SMCs alone, ( b ) paracrine interaction between SMCs and ENS cells, ( c ) direct contact between SMCs and ENS cells Scale bars 100 μm, ( d ) paracrine interaction between SMCs and ENS in higher magnification, ( e ) Direct contact between smooth muscle and ENS cells in higher magnification.– muscle cells Scale bars 20 μm, ( f ) 3D reconstruction of muscle fibers in confocal microscopy by the direct contact between SMCs and ENS, ( j ) neurons, which are intercommunicated in the neuronal net within the muscle layer by the direct contact between SMCs and ENS. Confocal microscopy, Green (ß-Tubulin III) – neurons, red (smooth muscle actin (SMA)) – muscle cells. Scale bars 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Imaging of the whole thickness of the 3D scaffolds after 3 weeks of ENS cells and muscle cells co-culture in different layouts: ( a ) SMCs without ENS cells, ( b ) paracrine interaction between SMCs and ENS cells, ( c ) direct contact between SMCs and ENS cells. Confocal microscopy, Green (ß-Tubulin III) – neurons, red (smooth muscle actin (SMA)) – muscle cells.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Imaging, Co-Culture Assay, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal microscopy images of smooth muscle and ENS cells co-cultured in 3D scaffolds (14 days of culture). Secretory vesicles and synapses are labelled in green (Synaptobrevin 2), while muscle cells in red (smooth muscle actin (SMA)). Scale bars 20 μm.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Cell Culture

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells). SMCs alone, with direct contact and without direct contact to isolated myenteric plexus cells.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Isolation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Images of 3 weeks old co-culture of ENS cells and muscle cells in different layouts: ( a ) SMCs alone, ( b ) paracrine interaction between SMCs and ENS cells, ( c ) direct contact between SMCs and ENS cells Scale bars 100 μm, ( d ) paracrine interaction between SMCs and ENS in higher magnification, ( e ) Direct contact between smooth muscle and ENS cells in higher magnification.– muscle cells Scale bars 20 μm, ( f ) 3D reconstruction of muscle fibers in confocal microscopy by the direct contact between SMCs and ENS, ( j ) neurons, which are intercommunicated in the neuronal net within the muscle layer by the direct contact between SMCs and ENS. Confocal microscopy, Green (ß-Tubulin III) – neurons, red (smooth muscle actin (SMA)) – muscle cells. Scale bars 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Co-Culture Assay, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: An exploratory in vitro co-culture of enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells demonstrates neuronal contribution to muscle layer formation

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-39409-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Imaging of the whole thickness of the 3D scaffolds after 3 weeks of ENS cells and muscle cells co-culture in different layouts: ( a ) SMCs without ENS cells, ( b ) paracrine interaction between SMCs and ENS cells, ( c ) direct contact between SMCs and ENS cells. Confocal microscopy, Green (ß-Tubulin III) – neurons, red (smooth muscle actin (SMA)) – muscle cells.

Article Snippet: Fig. 8 Schematic representation of plates with inserts and different layouts of muscle and ENS cells in a three-dimensional matrix: ( a ) plates with insert, which allows the medium to surround and support the co-culture from all sides, ( b ) SMCs without ENS cells in the 3D-matrix, ( c ) SMCs and ENS cells equally distributed in 3D-matrix, ( d ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells - in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( e ) SMCs distributed in upper and lower layers, ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( f ) SMCs and ENS cells distributed in the middle layer of the 3D-matrix. ( g ) mixed SMCs and ENS cells densely arranged in the same plane of the middle layer of the 3D-matrix, ( h ) different layouts between SMCs and isolated myenteric plexus (ENS cells).

Techniques: Imaging, Co-Culture Assay, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Ts -Hsp70 confers dual-stage protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection by sustaining M1 macrophage polarization in mice

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Macrophage polarization in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of T. spiralis -infected mice with or without Ts -Hsp70 immunization Splenocytes and MLN cells were collected from T. spiralis -infected mice ( T.S. group) and Ts -Hsp70−immunized infected mice ( T.S. + Ts -Hsp70 group) at 1, 5, 15, and 30 days post−infection (dpi) and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Representative flow cytometry plots of M1 (CD11b + F4/80 + iNOS + ) and M2 (CD11b + F4/80 + CD206 + ) macrophages in the spleen. (B–D) Quantitative analysis of M1 macrophage percentage (B) , M2 macrophage percentage (C) , and M1/M2 ratio (D) in splenocytes. (E) Representative flow cytometry plots of M1 and M2 macrophages in the MLN. (F–H) Quantitative analysis of M1 macrophage percentage (F) , M2 macrophage percentage (G) , and M1/M2 ratio (H) in MLN cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by multiple t−tests: ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: After supernatant removal, pellets were resuspended in 2 mL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer (Catalog #: 00-4222-26, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), centrifuged again (500 × g, 5 min, RT), and finally resuspended in Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer.

Techniques: Infection, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Ts -Hsp70 confers dual-stage protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection by sustaining M1 macrophage polarization in mice

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of M1 and M2 polarization markers in peritoneal macrophages stimulated with Ts -Hsp70 protein Peritoneal macrophages isolated from naïve mice were incubated in vitro with PBS (Control), Ts -Hsp70 protein, LPS (M1 inducer), or IL−4 (M2 inducer). (A) mRNA levels of M1 markers (iNOS, TNF-α, IL−12) and M2 markers (Arg−1, Ym−1, TGF−β) measured by RT−qPCR after 24 h. Protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry after 24 h. (B) Representative flow cytometry dot plots showing gated macrophages for M1/M2 marker analysis. (C) Surface expression of CD80 (M1 marker). (D) Intracellular expression of iNOS (M1 marker). (E) Surface expression of CD206 (M2 marker). (F) Intracellular expression of Arg−1 (M2 marker). Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by multiple t-tests: ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: After supernatant removal, pellets were resuspended in 2 mL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer (Catalog #: 00-4222-26, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), centrifuged again (500 × g, 5 min, RT), and finally resuspended in Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer.

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Incubation, In Vitro, Control, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry, Marker

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Ts -Hsp70 confers dual-stage protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection by sustaining M1 macrophage polarization in mice

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1799793

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of Ts -Hsp70 on macrophage-induced T lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytosis (A, B) Macrophage-induced CD4 + T cell proliferation. Splenocytes from wild-type mice were labeled with CFSE and co-cultured for 72 h with peritoneal macrophages pre-stimulated with PBS, Ts -Hsp70, LPS, or IL-4. Proliferation of CD4 + T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry based on CFSE dilution. (A) Representative histograms of CFSE fluorescence in CD4 + T cells. (B) Statistical summary of CD4 + T cell proliferation. (C, D) Phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages stimulated in vitro with PBS, Ts -Hsp70, LPS, or IL-4 were incubated with FITC-dextran for 30 minutes. Phagocytosis was quantified by flow cytometry as the percentage of Dextran + F4/80 + macrophages. (C) Representative flow cytometry plots of Dextran + F4/80 + macrophages. (D) Statistical summary of the percentage of Dextran + F4/80 + macrophages. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by multiple t-tests: ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: After supernatant removal, pellets were resuspended in 2 mL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer (Catalog #: 00-4222-26, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), centrifuged again (500 × g, 5 min, RT), and finally resuspended in Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer.

Techniques: Labeling, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescence, Activity Assay, In Vitro, Incubation

Journal: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine

Article Title: Effects of Nonablative Er‐ YAG Laser on Human Endometrial Stromal Cells (hESCs): A Pilot Study

doi: 10.1002/lsm.70020

Figure Lengend Snippet: The boxplots of the MMP‐2 levels in the cultured media of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs). Confluent hESC cultures were treated with E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 ), E 2 (10 −8 M)+ ethanol (0.1%) (group E 2 + S), E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 ), Er‐YAG laser + E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 + L), Er‐YAG laser+ E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 + L) for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Only hESCs (incubated in serum‐free DMEM/F12) and hESCs + Er‐YAG laser (hESCs + L) groups were incubated for 12 and 72 h. MMP‐2 levels were quantified by ELISA in culture media and normalized to total cell protein ( n = 3, median (Q1–Q3). DMEM, Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; E 2 , estradiol; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; Er‐YAG, nonablative Erbium YAG; ESC, endometrial stromal cell; MMP‐2, matrix metalloproteinase‐2; P 4 , progesterone.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the remodeling effect of Er‐YAG laser on endometrial tissue, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) levels in conditioned media were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Elabscience; E‐EL‐H1445, Houston, TX, USA), which has a sensitivity of 0.47 ng/mL and no reported cross‐reactivity or interference [ ].

Techniques: Cell Culture, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Modification

Journal: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine

Article Title: Effects of Nonablative Er‐ YAG Laser on Human Endometrial Stromal Cells (hESCs): A Pilot Study

doi: 10.1002/lsm.70020

Figure Lengend Snippet: The boxplots of the TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels in the cultured media of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs). Confluent hESC cultures were treated with E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 ), E 2 (10 −8 M) + ethanol (0.1%) (group E 2 + S), E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 ), Er‐YAG laser + E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 + L), Er‐YAG laser+ E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 + L) for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Only hESCs (incubated in serum‐free DMEM/F12) and hESCs + Er‐YAG laser (hESCs + L) groups were incubated for 12 and 72 h. (A) represents subsequent time points for TNF‐α analysis, and (B) represents subsequent time points for IL‐6 analysis. TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels were quantified by ELISA in culture media and normalized to total cell protein ( n = 3, median (Q1–Q3). DMEM, Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; E 2 , estradiol; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; Er‐YAG, nonablative Erbium YAG; ESC, endometrial stromal cell; IL‐6: interleukin‐6; MMP‐2, matrix metalloproteinase‐2; P 4 , progesterone; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the remodeling effect of Er‐YAG laser on endometrial tissue, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) levels in conditioned media were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Elabscience; E‐EL‐H1445, Houston, TX, USA), which has a sensitivity of 0.47 ng/mL and no reported cross‐reactivity or interference [ ].

Techniques: Cell Culture, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Modification

Journal: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine

Article Title: Effects of Nonablative Er‐ YAG Laser on Human Endometrial Stromal Cells (hESCs): A Pilot Study

doi: 10.1002/lsm.70020

Figure Lengend Snippet: The boxplots of the VEGF‐A levels in the cultured media of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs). Confluent hESC cultures were treated with E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 ), E 2 (10 −8 M)+ ethanol (0.1%) (group E 2 + S), E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 ), Er‐YAG laser + E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 + L), Er‐YAG laser+ E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 + L) for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Only hESCs (incubated in serum‐free DMEM/F12) and hESCs + Er‐YAG laser (hESCs + L) groups were incubated for 12 and 72 h. VEGF‐A levels were quantified by ELISA in culture media and normalized to total cell protein ( n = 3, median (Q1–Q3). DMEM, Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; E 2 , estradiol; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; Er‐YAG, nonablative Erbium YAG; ESC, endometrial stromal cell; P 4 , progesterone; VEGF‐A, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the remodeling effect of Er‐YAG laser on endometrial tissue, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) levels in conditioned media were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Elabscience; E‐EL‐H1445, Houston, TX, USA), which has a sensitivity of 0.47 ng/mL and no reported cross‐reactivity or interference [ ].

Techniques: Cell Culture, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Modification

Journal: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine

Article Title: Effects of Nonablative Er‐ YAG Laser on Human Endometrial Stromal Cells (hESCs): A Pilot Study

doi: 10.1002/lsm.70020

Figure Lengend Snippet: The boxplots of the IGFBP‐1 secretions in the cultured media of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs). Confluent hESC cultures were treated with E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 ), E 2 (10 −8 M) + ethanol (0.1%) (group E 2 + S), E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 ), Er‐YAG laser+ E 2 (10 −8 M) (group E 2 + L), Er‐YAG laser + E 2 (10 −8 M) + P 4 (10 −7 M) (group E 2 + P 4 + L) for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Only hESCs (incubated in serum‐free DMEM/F12) and hESCs + Er‐YAG laser (hESCs + L) groups were incubated for 12 and 72 h. IGFBP‐1 levels were quantified by ELISA in culture media and normalized to total cell protein ( n = 3, median (Q1–Q3). DMEM, Dulbecco modified Eagle medium; E 2 , estradiol; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; Er‐YAG, nonablative Erbium YAG; ESC, endometrial stromal cell; IGFBP‐1, insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐1; P 4 , progesterone.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the remodeling effect of Er‐YAG laser on endometrial tissue, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) levels in conditioned media were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Elabscience; E‐EL‐H1445, Houston, TX, USA), which has a sensitivity of 0.47 ng/mL and no reported cross‐reactivity or interference [ ].

Techniques: Cell Culture, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Modification, Binding Assay