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Early clinical evidence for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2
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Early clinical evidence for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2
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Early clinical evidence for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2
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Porsolt lopinavir ritonavir
Metabolic consequences of chronic L/R Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or <t> lopinavir/ritonavir </t> (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which mice were evaluated for metabolic changes reflecting lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia as described in Methods. Values are mean and S.E.M. data collected from 9–20 animals over 2 separate cohorts.
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Early clinical evidence for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2

Journal: Advances in Therapy

Article Title: Perspectives on the Early Quality of Evidence Guiding the Therapeutic Management of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Literature Review

doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01460-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Early clinical evidence for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2

Article Snippet: WHO, May, 2020 , Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, unifenovir, favipiravir, tocilizumab and plasma therapy , Only in the context of RCTs , No specific recommendation because of lack of evidence.

Techniques: Infection

Treatment recommendation from different guidelines and an update on COVID-19 vaccines

Journal: Advances in Therapy

Article Title: Perspectives on the Early Quality of Evidence Guiding the Therapeutic Management of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Literature Review

doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01460-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Treatment recommendation from different guidelines and an update on COVID-19 vaccines

Article Snippet: WHO, May, 2020 , Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, unifenovir, favipiravir, tocilizumab and plasma therapy , Only in the context of RCTs , No specific recommendation because of lack of evidence.

Techniques:

Metabolic consequences of chronic L/R Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or  lopinavir/ritonavir  (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which mice were evaluated for metabolic changes reflecting lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia as described in Methods. Values are mean and S.E.M. data collected from 9–20 animals over 2 separate cohorts.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Metabolic consequences of chronic L/R Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which mice were evaluated for metabolic changes reflecting lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia as described in Methods. Values are mean and S.E.M. data collected from 9–20 animals over 2 separate cohorts.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques:

Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which mice were evaluated behaviorally as described in Methods. Experiments were conducted in 9–20 animals per group over 2 separate cohorts. (A) Effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on cognitive performance in the Stone T-maze. Data show the number of errors committed over 15 trials of maze training and are means ± S.E.M. of average errors accrued over 3-trial blocks. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, and the insert depicts the significant main effects of trial number, treatment group, and the significant interaction between trial and treatment. *and ** indicate significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively) increases in errors made by lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice in trial blocks 4–6 and 10–12. (B) Effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on behavioral despair in Porsolt forced swim test. Data depict time spent in swimming/escape behavior, and were analyzed by 2-tailed, unpaired t-tests. * indicates the significant (p<0.05) decrease in swim time in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated mice. (C) Effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on motor performance in the Rotarod test. Data depict the time mice were able to remain on the accelerating rotarod, and are mean ± S.E.M. of average time over 3 trails.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which mice were evaluated behaviorally as described in Methods. Experiments were conducted in 9–20 animals per group over 2 separate cohorts. (A) Effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on cognitive performance in the Stone T-maze. Data show the number of errors committed over 15 trials of maze training and are means ± S.E.M. of average errors accrued over 3-trial blocks. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, and the insert depicts the significant main effects of trial number, treatment group, and the significant interaction between trial and treatment. *and ** indicate significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively) increases in errors made by lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice in trial blocks 4–6 and 10–12. (B) Effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on behavioral despair in Porsolt forced swim test. Data depict time spent in swimming/escape behavior, and were analyzed by 2-tailed, unpaired t-tests. * indicates the significant (p<0.05) decrease in swim time in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice as compared to vehicle-treated mice. (C) Effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on motor performance in the Rotarod test. Data depict the time mice were able to remain on the accelerating rotarod, and are mean ± S.E.M. of average time over 3 trails.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques:

Scatter plots show the statistically significant linear relationship between errors in acquisition trail block 4–6 (errors in ACQ4–6) and (A) fat mass, (B) serum leptin, and (C) serum adiponectin in vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice. Each point represents an individual subject, and closed circles depict vehicle-treated mice while open circles depict lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scatter plots show the statistically significant linear relationship between errors in acquisition trail block 4–6 (errors in ACQ4–6) and (A) fat mass, (B) serum leptin, and (C) serum adiponectin in vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice. Each point represents an individual subject, and closed circles depict vehicle-treated mice while open circles depict lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Scatter plots show the statistically significant linear relationship between errors in acquisition trail block 4–6 (errors in ACQ4–6) and (A) fasting insulin, (B) circulating NEFA 60 minutes following oral glucose administration (Post-Glu NEFA), and (C) fasting triglycerides in vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice. Each point represents an individual subject, and closed circles depict vehicle-treated mice while open circles depict lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scatter plots show the statistically significant linear relationship between errors in acquisition trail block 4–6 (errors in ACQ4–6) and (A) fasting insulin, (B) circulating NEFA 60 minutes following oral glucose administration (Post-Glu NEFA), and (C) fasting triglycerides in vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice. Each point represents an individual subject, and closed circles depict vehicle-treated mice while open circles depict lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which markers of cerebrovascular integrity, synaptic density, and reactive gliosis were evaluated in tissue homogenates prepared from the frontal cortex as described in Methods. Data depict mean ± SEM expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice presented as % vehicle (100% line) on graph. Data were obtained from 9–20 mice/group, and were analyzed by 2-tailed, unpaired t-tests. (A) Expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin; and the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9. * and ** indicate significant (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) changes in expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice as compared to vehicle. (B) Expression of the post-synaptic marker synapse associated protein 97 (SAP97), the pre-synaptic protein synapsin 1, and phosphorylated synapsin 1. * indicates significant (p < 0.05) the significant decrease in phosphorylated synapsin 1 expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice. (C) Expression of the glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1. * indicates significant (p < 0.05) increases in GFAP and Iba-1 expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which markers of cerebrovascular integrity, synaptic density, and reactive gliosis were evaluated in tissue homogenates prepared from the frontal cortex as described in Methods. Data depict mean ± SEM expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice presented as % vehicle (100% line) on graph. Data were obtained from 9–20 mice/group, and were analyzed by 2-tailed, unpaired t-tests. (A) Expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin; and the matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9. * and ** indicate significant (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) changes in expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice as compared to vehicle. (B) Expression of the post-synaptic marker synapse associated protein 97 (SAP97), the pre-synaptic protein synapsin 1, and phosphorylated synapsin 1. * indicates significant (p < 0.05) the significant decrease in phosphorylated synapsin 1 expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice. (C) Expression of the glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1. * indicates significant (p < 0.05) increases in GFAP and Iba-1 expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques: Expressing, Marker

Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, and the effects of lopinavir/ritonavir the cytokines (A) TNFα, (B) IL-1β, (C) IL-6 and (D) the growth factor BDNF in cortex were evaluated by ELISA as described in Methods. Data are means and SEM, with 9–20 individual mice per group, and were analyzed by 2-tailed, unpaired t-tests. *, **, and *** indicate significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively) differences in expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice as compared to vehicle.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, and the effects of lopinavir/ritonavir the cytokines (A) TNFα, (B) IL-1β, (C) IL-6 and (D) the growth factor BDNF in cortex were evaluated by ELISA as described in Methods. Data are means and SEM, with 9–20 individual mice per group, and were analyzed by 2-tailed, unpaired t-tests. *, **, and *** indicate significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively) differences in expression in lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice as compared to vehicle.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing

Western blot data from Hippocampus and Cerebellum Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or  lopinavir/ritonavir  (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which the expression of markers of brain injury in hippocampus and cerebellum were measured by Western blot as described in Methods.

Journal: Antiviral Research

Article Title: Brain Injury Caused by HIV Protease Inhibitors: role of Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance

doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot data from Hippocampus and Cerebellum Male C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with vehicle or lopinavir/ritonavir (150/37.5 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days, after which the expression of markers of brain injury in hippocampus and cerebellum were measured by Western blot as described in Methods.

Article Snippet: Since both the Stone T-maze and Porsolt swim test involve physical activity, motor performance of vehicle- and lopinavir/ritonavir-treated mice was specifically addressed by testing mice on the rotarod, which measures the time the animal is able to remain on an accelerating rotating cylinder.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing