Journal: British Journal of Pharmacology

Article Title: Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sections stained by the De Olmos silver method from the neocortex (layer II) and caudate-putamen of the 7-day-old mouse brain 7 h after a single subcutaneous injection of saline or ketamine, 40 mg kg −1 . The silver stain,

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar III) was obtained from Fort Dodge Animal Health (Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.A.).

Techniques: Staining, Injection, Silver Staining

Journal: British Journal of Pharmacology

Article Title: Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neuroapoptotic response to ketamine

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar III) was obtained from Fort Dodge Animal Health (Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.A.).

Techniques:

Journal: British Journal of Pharmacology

Article Title: Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301

Figure Lengend Snippet: Brains of 7-day-old mice treated with midazolam 9 mg kg −1 (a, c) or midazolam plus ketamine 40 mg kg −1 (b, d) showed robust C3A staining in cerebral cortex (c, d) and caudate-putamen region (a, b) 5 h after

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar III) was obtained from Fort Dodge Animal Health (Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.A.).

Techniques: Mouse Assay, Staining

Journal: British Journal of Pharmacology

Article Title: Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301

Figure Lengend Snippet: Arterial oxygen saturation after ketamine

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar III) was obtained from Fort Dodge Animal Health (Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.A.).

Techniques:

Journal: British Journal of Pharmacology

Article Title: Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantitative analysis of C3A profile density revealed that combined midazolam and ketamine treatment was more effective in causing neuronal apoptosis than either drug alone. A total of 12 litters of pups were used for this analysis. (a) In caudate-putamen,

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar III) was obtained from Fort Dodge Animal Health (Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.A.).

Techniques:

Journal: British Journal of Pharmacology

Article Title: Potential of ketamine and midazolam, individually or in combination, to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant mouse brain

doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706301

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Neuronal profiles showing caspase-3 activation (C3A) in the neocortex (layer II) and caudate-putamen of the 7-day-old mouse brain 5 h after a single subcutaneous injection of saline or ketamine, 40 mg kg −1 . In the neocortex

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride (Vetalar III) was obtained from Fort Dodge Animal Health (Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.A.).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Injection

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescence staining of U251-MG cells showing ERα nuclear translocation after the cells were treated with E2 (0.1 nM), or with 400 nM ketamine or its active metabolites.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Translocation Assay

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: Induction of GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3 and GRIA4 expression by ketamine and the ketamine was lost when ERα was silenced by the use of siRNA in both U138-MG and U251-MG cells.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects on the expression of GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3 and GRIA4 in U251-MG cells in response to various treatment conditions, including exposure to increasing concentrations of ( A ) E2 (0.001-0.1 nM) and ( B ) ketamine or the active ketamine metabolites ( 2R,6R )-HNK or ( 2S,6S )-HNK (0-400 nM) alone or ketamine (400 nM) together with increasing concentration of E2 (0.0001-0.1 nM). ANOVA was performed to compare gene expression, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons when significant effects were detected. *p ≤0.05, **p ≤0.005 as compared to vehicle treatment. + p ≤0.05 as compared to the same treatment with or without E2.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Saturation curves for the binding of increasing concentrations of [ 3 H]-ketamine to ERα ( K D =344.5 ± 13 nM). ( B ) [ 3 H]-Ketamine competition binding curves. Data are expressed as percentages of specific binding of [ 3 H]-ketamine vs. log of the competitor concentration (non-radioactive drug concentrations ranged from 0.4 nM to 400 μM). Each point represents the mean±SEM of three independent determinations.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Induction of both CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 expression by ketamine and the ketamine metabolites ( 2R,6R )-HNK, or ( 2S,6S )-HNK was lost when ERα was silenced by the use of siRNA. *p ≤0.005 as compared to control siRNA. ( B ) Induction of both CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 expression by ketamine and the ketamine metabolites ( 2R,6R )-HNK, or ( 2S,6S )-HNK was lost when ERα was blocked using ICI, an estrogen receptor blocker.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: Induction of the expression of GRIA1, GRIA2 and GRIA4 by ketamine and ketamine metabolites was lost after ERα blockade by fulvestant (ICI). Specifically, the expression of AMPA receptors is known to be enhanced in response to ketamine therapy. However, we observed that GRIA1, GRIA2 and GRIA4 were not induced by increasing concentrations of ketamine or its metabolites (100, 200, 400 nM) after ER blockade. Values shown are mean +/− SEM of three independent determinations.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Saturation curves for the binding of increasing concentrations of [ 3 H]-estradiol to ERα ( K D =3.67 ± 0.56 nM). ( B ) [ 3 H]-estradiol competition binding curves. Data are expressed as percentages of specific binding of [ 3 H]-estradiol vs. log of the competitor concentration (non-radioactive E2 concentrations ranged from 0.0002 nM to 20 μM, concentrations of ketamine and 4nM to 40mM for the two metabolites. Each point represents mean±SEM of three independent determinations.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) ERα mRNA expression was determined by qPCR 24 hours after U251-MG cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of ketamine, ( 2R,6R )-HNK, or ( 2S,6S )-HNK. E2 plus ketamine or E2 plus the active metabolites resulted in additive effects on the induction of ERα expression. ( B ), U251-MG cells were transfected with the ERE dual luciferase reporter constructs, and were exposed to increasing concentrations of ketamine, ( 2R,6R )-HNK, or ( 2S,6S )-HNK alone or in combination with increasing concentrations of E2. ANOVA was performed to compare gene expression, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. *p ≤0.05, **p ≤0.005 as compared to vehicle treatment. + p ≤0.05 as compared to the same with or without E2.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transfection, Luciferase, Construct

Journal: Biochemical pharmacology

Article Title: Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites as Novel Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Induction of Cytochrome P450 and AMPA Glutamate Receptor Gene Expression

doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) SPR sensorgrams showing the dose-dependent binding of ketamine (52 – 823 nM) to ERα, as indicated by relative response units (RUs) after background subtraction. ( B ) Plot of RU max versus ketamine concentration. Inset , Scatchard plot of ketamine binding.

Article Snippet: Ketamine hydrochloride was purchased from Pfizer (New York, NY, USA).

Techniques: SPR Assay, Binding Assay, Concentration Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: The Ketamine Antidepressant Story: New Insights

doi: 10.3390/molecules25235777

Figure Lengend Snippet: Main mechanisms underlying non-NMDA-mediated affects of ketamine.

Article Snippet: Ketamine, a short-term analog of the phencyclidine identified as CI-581, was produced at Parke Davis in 1962 by Calvin Stevens [ ].

Techniques: