Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Relative abundances of the ten most abundant bacterial and fungal taxa among mucilage of D. spatulata ( n = 44) and surrounding plants (moss, n = 24, and vascular plants, n = 24), highlighting A. crateriforme as the dominant species in the mucilage. Unpaired t -test was conducted (two sided, * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001). The centre line represents the median, and the upper and lower bounds of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to 1.5 times the i.q.r. b , Temporal variation of Acrodontium and the next four most abundant OTUs shown as relative abundance in mucilage over 9 months ( n = 4) between 2018 and 2019 pooled from Shumei and Shuangxi in northern Taiwan (Supplementary Fig. ). Data are presented as mean ± s.d. c , Relative abundance of A. crateriforme identified from ITS amplicons from mucilage or tissues of four Drosera species sampled across northern Taiwan, North America and the United Kingdom.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques: Northern Blot

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Photo shows the morphology of a . A. crateriforme and b . P. herbarum grown in potato dextrose agar. Red colour represents the consensus sequence of the c . Acrodontium and d . Phoma OTU from amplicon data. Brown colour represent sequences of strains that were isolated from Drosera spatulata mucilage.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques: Sequencing, Amplification, Isolation

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – c , SEM image of sundew stalk glands under sterile lab conditions ( a ), inoculated with A. crateriforme ( b ) and from wild samples from the natural habitat ( c ). Each condition was repeated once and images were retaken with similar results. Different arrow colours denote fungal conidiophores from which conidia were already detached (red), a conidium attached to the tip of a conidiophore (blue) and detached conidia (white). d , Reopening time of sundew traps with and without (control) supplementation with different substrates, or with inoculation with different microbiota. Each set contains a single leaf from five individual plants. The centre line represents the median, and the upper and lower bounds of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to 1.5 times the i.q.r. Median reopening time for touch, shrimp and wood in sundews with different microbiota are plotted as dashed lines (Extended Data Fig. ). Unpaired two-tailed t -tests with multiple testing were performed (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001). e , Application of biotin-labelled BSA as a protein substrate during 16 h and 24 h of sundew digestion showing a decline in BSA with digestion using collected mucilage from sundews inoculated with different inocula. Each set contains five samples of pooled mucilage from a single sundew or entire wiped leaf surfaces of a single adjacent plant. Raw western blot images are shown in Supplementary Fig. . The centre line represents the median, and the upper and lower bounds of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. The whiskers extend to 1.5 times the i.q.r. Wilcoxon rank sum test with multiple testing was conducted (* P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques: Sterility, Control, Two Tailed Test, Western Blot

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-c . laboratory material grown under sterile, axenic conditions without fungi or bacteria, d-f . laboratory materials inoculated with A. crateriforme fungus, and g-i . collected from wild. Each condition was repeated once and images were re-taken with similar results.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques: Sterility, Bacteria

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Phylogenetic placement of A. crateriforme among extremophilic fungi denoted in blue branches, highlighting its association with known acidophiles. All nodes have a 100% bootstrap support. The number next to A. crateriforme denotes the number of lost OGs inferred by DOLLOP. b , Genome description and functional annotations of the A. crateriforme proteome. DHN, dihydroxynaphthalene; NRPs, nonribosomal peptides; RiPP, ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides. c , Chromosomal rearrangements among extremophile fungi A. crateriforme , Baudoinia panamericana and H. werneckii through clustering of single-copy orthologue pairs. The line colours designate corresponding A. crateriforme chromosomes. d , Synteny between a subtelomeric polyketide cluster on A. crateriforme chromosome 6 and plant pathogens E. ampelina and P. nodorum . A. crateriforme genes and orthologues are coloured sequentially.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Modification

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: The blue circles on phylogeny described the loss OG number at each node. The heatmaps showed gene numbers of OGs in representative species. A. crateriforme was inferred to loss these OGs.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fungal hyphae indicated by white arrowheads, two conidiophores of Acrodontium crateriforme by red arrows.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques:

Journal: Nature Microbiology

Article Title: An acidophilic fungus promotes prey digestion in a carnivorous plant

doi: 10.1038/s41564-024-01766-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: A schematic diagram of a D. spatulata stalk gland and an A. crateriforme conidiophore with a summary of gene expression changes identified in this study. Genes that are co-expressed in different phases are shown multiple times.

Article Snippet: Drosera leaves grown under different conditions (laboratory condition, inoculated with A. crateriforme and from the wild) were observed with a JSM-7401F scanning electron microscope (JEOL) at the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Techniques: Gene Expression