Journal: Extracellular Vesicle

Article Title: Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV

doi: 10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100084

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Detection of EV markers and HIV proteins in EVs enriched from plasma. (A) TRPS analysis demonstrating equivalent particle size between HIV- and HIV + enriched EVs. (B) Western analysis demonstrating equivalent levels of TSG101 in 200 μg HIV- and HIV + enriched EVs quantified by Area Under the Curve (AUC). (C) Western analysis showing the detection of p24 in EVs enriched from HIV + individuals. (D) Western analysis showing the detection of Nef in EVs enriched from HIV + individuals. Values for the AUC of the Nef monomer at approximately 33 kDa shown. (E) Western analysis showing the detection of Nef dimer in EVs enriched from HIV + individuals. Values for the AUC of the Nef dimer at approximately 56 kDa shown. ** indicates a p-value <0.01, **** indicates a p-value <0.0001. “ns” indicates a p-value that is “not significant” or greater than 0.1. Created in BioRender. Luke, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/i78c888.

Article Snippet: Antibodies for p24 (sc69727, Santa Cruz), Nef (R0026, custom rabbit monoclonal), and TSG101 (NBP2-67884, Novus Biologicals) were detected using either anti-rabbit or anti-mouse detection modules (Bio Techne) for a semiquantitative comparison.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Western Blot

Journal: Extracellular Vesicle

Article Title: Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV

doi: 10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100084

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Detection of HIV proteins in plasma and enriched EVs from an HIV positive individual over the course of infection. (A) Western analysis of approximately 4 μg of plasma for p24, Nef, and TSG101. Molecular weights determined from ladder run on same cartridge. Recombinant proteins are shown for reference. An HIV- “normal” human plasma sample is shown in the left column for reference. Time after first nucleic acid test (NAT) positive result corresponding to that sample is shown above each lane. (B) Western analysis of approximately 2–4 μg of resin enriched EVs for p24, Nef, and TSG101. Molecular weights determined from ladder run on same cartridge. (C) Comparison of AUC values for p24 from plasma versus EV for each sample. (D) Comparison of AUC values for Nef monomer from plasma versus EV for each sample. Created in BioRender. Luke, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/ssr42iy.

Article Snippet: Antibodies for p24 (sc69727, Santa Cruz), Nef (R0026, custom rabbit monoclonal), and TSG101 (NBP2-67884, Novus Biologicals) were detected using either anti-rabbit or anti-mouse detection modules (Bio Techne) for a semiquantitative comparison.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Infection, Western Blot, Recombinant, Comparison

Journal: Extracellular Vesicle

Article Title: Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV

doi: 10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100084

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Characterization of p24 and Nef from H9MN FI EVs. (A–E) Figures correspond to EVs enriched from H9, parental HIV- cell lines. (F–K) Figures correspond to EVs enriched from H9MN FI (HIV+) cells. (A, F) TEM images of SEC enriched EV with a 100 nm bar for sizing. Inset highlights interesting EVs. (B, H) TRPS analysis of EVs enriched from H9 and H9MN FI cells, evaluating particle size on the x-axis and concentration on the y-axis. (C, I) EVs enriched by SEC from H9 and H9MN FI cells were tested on an automated Western analysis system for the presence of HIV proteins Nef and p24, and EV proteins CD81 and TSG101. (D, J) Image of a representative “cluster” from super resolution microscopy analysis of EVs enriched from H9 and H9MN FI cells evaluated for presence of two HIV proteins using antibodies conjugated to dSTORM-compatible fluorophores, p24 in blue, Nef in yellow, and a pan-tetraspanin (mix of anti-CD9, CD81 and CD63) in pink. A 200 nm bar is shown for scale in each panel. (E, K) Super resolution microscopy evaluation of individual tetraspanin expression using anti-CD81 (647 emission), anti-CD63 (561 emission) and anti-CD9 (488 emission) on EVs enriched from H9 and H9MN FI cells. Percents of individual, dual, and triple positive EVs graphed in a pie chart from the mean of total counted clusters in triplicate lanes. (L) Super resolution microscopy evaluation of combined tetraspanin expression using anti-CD81/anti- CD63/anti-CD9 (561emission) and p24 (647 emission) on EV enriched from H9 and H9MN FI. Percents p24 single positive events graphed in blue, tetraspanin trio/p24 dual positive events graphed in green. Events are graphed in a bar chart from the means of total counted clusters of triplicate lanes. (M) Super resolution microscopy evaluation of combined tetraspanin expression using anti-CD81/anti-CD63/anti-CD9 (561emission) and Nef (647 emission) on EV enriched from H9 and H9MN FI cells. Percents Nef single positive events graphed in teal, tetraspanin trio/Nef dual positive events graphed in orange. Events are graphed in a bar chart from the means of total counted clusters of triplicate lanes. Created in BioRender. Luke, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/u67bxq3.

Article Snippet: Antibodies for p24 (sc69727, Santa Cruz), Nef (R0026, custom rabbit monoclonal), and TSG101 (NBP2-67884, Novus Biologicals) were detected using either anti-rabbit or anti-mouse detection modules (Bio Techne) for a semiquantitative comparison.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Western Blot, Super-Resolution Microscopy, Expressing

Journal: Extracellular Vesicle

Article Title: Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV

doi: 10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100084

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Detection of p24 from HIV-EVs by lateral flow. (A) Schematic of the two-stage lateral flow design that includes an EV capture zone and a test zone. Inset shows three distinct sources of p24 protein: 1) p24 from HIV virus particles, 2) p24 from HIV-EVs, and 3) plasma p24. (B) Comparison of p24 detection from EVs enriched from H9 and H9MN FI cells with and without Lysis Buffer, as indicated below each image. (C) Peak heights of the p24 test line signal intensity captured by an Axxin reader. Triplicate measurements of each dilution of enriched EVs from H9 (HIV-) or H9MN FI (HIV+) cells spiked into human plasma. Error bars represent standard deviations from the mean. The x-axis shows the amount of EV protein added to each strip. (D) Mean p24 values from 3 μg of H9 or H9MN FI EVs after treatment with Lysis Buffer. (E) Images of the test line from the triplicate lateral flow strips. Created in BioRender. Luke, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/f20z850.

Article Snippet: Antibodies for p24 (sc69727, Santa Cruz), Nef (R0026, custom rabbit monoclonal), and TSG101 (NBP2-67884, Novus Biologicals) were detected using either anti-rabbit or anti-mouse detection modules (Bio Techne) for a semiquantitative comparison.

Techniques: Virus, Clinical Proteomics, Comparison, Lysis, Stripping Membranes

Journal: Extracellular Vesicle

Article Title: Using common features of viruses and EVs for a novel EV-based lateral flow test for HIV

doi: 10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100084

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Plasma Samples Tested on Prototype Lateral Flow Tests. (A) Labelled image of the two-stage lateral flow prototype with an EV capture zone and a test zone that includes both the p24 and the Nef test line. (B) Results from the limit of detection analysis of mixed recombinant protein in buffer. Measurement of the intensity of the p24 test line. (C) Results from the limit of detection analysis of mixed recombinant protein in buffer. Measurement of the intensity of the Nef test line. (D) Representative images of the mixed recombinant proteins used to calculate results for B and C. (E) Images of the prototype test strips with a representative HIV- and HIV + plasma samples. (F) P24 test line AUC values from 10 HIV- and 20 HIV + plasma samples. The red dotted line represents the cut-off value determined by ROC analysis, the value is shown below the graph at 90 % Sensitivity and 80 % Specificity. HIV + specimens graphed in black were those under ARV treatment. Those in red indicate no ARV treatment. * represents statistical significance at a p-value less than 0.1. (G) Nef test line AUC values from 10 HIV- and 20 HIV + plasma samples. HIV + specimens graphed in black were those under ARV treatment. Those in red indicate no ARV treatment. Created in BioRender. Luke, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/220tmf9.

Article Snippet: Antibodies for p24 (sc69727, Santa Cruz), Nef (R0026, custom rabbit monoclonal), and TSG101 (NBP2-67884, Novus Biologicals) were detected using either anti-rabbit or anti-mouse detection modules (Bio Techne) for a semiquantitative comparison.

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Recombinant

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Workflow for generating MDDC-pDC and MDM-pDC cocultures: CD14 + cells were isolated from blood and differentiated for 5 days into MDDCs and MDMs. They were infected with HIV BaL (MOI of 0.75) overnight, washed and then cultured for further 2 days prior to the addition of pDCs. (B) Representative dot plots showing p24 expression at 5 dpi in MDDCs and MDMs that were either mock treated, infected with HIV, or infected and cocultured with pDCs. (C) Mean percentage of p24 + MDDCs (n = 11) and MDMs (n = 8). (D) Median fluorescent intensity (FI) of p24 + MDDCs (n = 6) and MDMs (n = 8). For all data, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Article Snippet: RT activity and p24 concentration were quantified in culture supernatants using the Lenti RT Activity kit (Cavidi, Uppsala, Sweden) and the HIV-1 Gag p24 Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, Minnesota, US) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Isolation, Infection, Cell Culture, Expressing

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) RNAseq data showing IFN-subtype gene induction in pDCs at 18 hours post HIV exposure versus mock. (B-C) The median FI of maturation markers, CD80 (n = 9) and CD86 (n = 10) in MDDCs that were either mock, HIV infected MDDCs in the presence and absence of pDCs, and in HIV infected MDDCs treated with exogenous rIFNα8 and/or rTNFα, HIV infected MDDCs treated with antibodies to blocking IFN and/or TNF signaling in pDC cocultures (n = 4 for CD80, n = 5 for CD86). Data is shown as normalized to 100% in mock infected. (D) pDC decreased CCR5 median FI in HIV-infected MDDCs (n = 5) and MDMs (n = 7). Data is shown as normalized to 100% in mock infected. (E) Changes in p24 expression at 5 dpi in MDDCs (n = 5) (top panel) and MDMs (n = 5) (bottom panel) upon addition of exogenous rIFNα8 and/or rTNFα, or upon blocking IFN and/or TNF signaling in pDC cocultures. Data was normalized to 100% in HIV infected cells in the absence of pDCs. For all data, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test.

Article Snippet: RT activity and p24 concentration were quantified in culture supernatants using the Lenti RT Activity kit (Cavidi, Uppsala, Sweden) and the HIV-1 Gag p24 Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, Minnesota, US) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Infection, Blocking Assay, Expressing

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Workflow for generating memory T cell-pDC cocultures: memory CD4 T cells were sorted into resting TCM, TTM and TEM subsets. Sorted cells were infected with either HIV BaL or HIV TF (MOI of 0.75) overnight. They were cultured for further 2 days before the addition of pDCs. (B) Representative dot plots showing p24 expression at 5 dpi in resting TCM, TTM and TEM that were infected with HIV BaL in the absence (HIV) or presence of pDCs (HIV+pDC). (C) Mean percentage of p24 + cells at 5 dpi with HIV BaL (n = 11). (D) CCR5 expression across T cell subsets in the presence and absence of pDCs (n = 11). (E) Mean percentage of p24 + cells at 5 dpi with the HIV TF in the presence or absence of pDCs (n = 7). (F) Assessment of extracellular viral production by the reverse transcriptase assay using supernatants derived from infected resting CD4 T cell subsets in the absence (HIV) or presence of pDCs (HIV+pDC) (n = 2–5). (G) Same as in F but using p24 ELISA on supernatants derived from infected resting TEM cells (n = 2). For all data, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by Wilcoxon signed-rank test with multiple testing correction (C, D, E) or paired two-sided t-test (F, G). (H-I) Co-localisation of p24 and Tetherin in TEM by immunofluorescent microscopy using anti-DAPI (grey), anti-p24 (green), anti-Tetherin (red) and anti-CD3 (blue). Representative multiple Z-plane images were acquired to provide a merged maximum intensity projection with an orthogonal view to visualise colocalization of Tetherin and p24 (H). Bar graph (I) showing % of Tetherin co-localisation with p24+ cells (n = 50 cells, unpaired T test two tailed, ***p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: RT activity and p24 concentration were quantified in culture supernatants using the Lenti RT Activity kit (Cavidi, Uppsala, Sweden) and the HIV-1 Gag p24 Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, Minnesota, US) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Infection, Cell Culture, Expressing, Reverse Transcriptase Assay, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Microscopy, Two Tailed Test

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative dot plots showing CD69 expression in resting TEM CD4 T cells at 5 dpi. (B) Data represents the mean percentage of CD69 + on resting memory TCM, TTM and TEM CD4 T cell subsets. n = 11, **p<0.01 by Wilcoxon-signed-rank test with multiple testing correction. (C) Pearson’s correlation of CD69 and p24 expression across CD4 T cell subsets upon addition of pDCs (n = 11 per subset). (D) Expression of T cell activation markers (CD69, CD25, CD38, HLA-DR and PD1) in cocultures on total TEM (orange bars) and on p24 + TEM (red bars). n = 11, *p < 0.05 for CD69 vs all other markers indicated in total TEM and p24 + TEM, and upon comparison between total TEM and p24 + TEM by Wilcoxon signed-rank test with multiple testing correction. (E) The median FI of MHC-I expression on TEM cells in mock-infected cultures, and upon HIV infection in the absence and presence of pDCs (n = 3, *p < 0.05 by repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test). Data is shown as normalized to 100% in mock infected.

Article Snippet: RT activity and p24 concentration were quantified in culture supernatants using the Lenti RT Activity kit (Cavidi, Uppsala, Sweden) and the HIV-1 Gag p24 Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, Minnesota, US) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Expressing, Activation Assay, Comparison, Infection

Journal: PLoS Pathogens

Article Title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype

doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Normalised p24 expression in resting TEM cells infected with HIV and treated with neutralising antibody to ICAM-1 for 2 hours prior to addition of pDCs (n = 4). (B-C) The effect of virus depleted supernatants (from TEM-pDC cocultures or pDCs) in modulating p24 and CD69 expression in HIV-infected TEM cells (n = 6). (D) Normalised p24 expression and (E) percentage of CD69 expression in resting TEM cells (n = 5) upon modulation of IFN-signaling and/or TNF-signaling via: the addition of exogenous IFNα8 and/or TNFα; blocking the IFNAR1, IFNα and β and/or TNFR1 and TNFα via neutralizing antibodies (a-IFN and a-TNF). (F) Normalised p24 expression in resting TEM cells infected with HIV and treated with maraviroc for 2 hours prior to addition of pDCs (n = 4). (G) Detection of integrated HIV DNA by PCR in infected memory CD4 T cell subsets in the absence (HIV) and presence of pDCs (HIV+pDCs) (n = 4). (H-I) Detection of TEM DNA + cells via DNAScope in the absence (HIV) and presence of pDCs (HIV+pDCs) (n = 4). (J-K) Reversal of viral latency in J-Lat cells measured as increased HIV GFP expression upon co-culture with pDCs or after treatment with supernatants derived from TEM-pDCs. For all data, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 by repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test (A-F) or paired two-sided t-test (G).

Article Snippet: RT activity and p24 concentration were quantified in culture supernatants using the Lenti RT Activity kit (Cavidi, Uppsala, Sweden) and the HIV-1 Gag p24 Quantikine ELISA (R&D Systems, Minnesota, US) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Virus, Blocking Assay, Co-Culture Assay, Derivative Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109628

Figure Lengend Snippet: HIV-1-infected microglia exhibit productive infection, activation, and dysregulated cytokine/chemokine production (A) RT-qPCR analysis of viral gag/pol mRNA after infection with HIV-1 JRFL in microglia monocultures; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF line iPSC-derived microglia; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (B) ELISA analysis of secreted p24 in the culture supernatant of microglia infected with HIV-1 JR-FL reveals productive infection; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF iPSC-derived microglia; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of IL1 β , TNF α and IL-6 mRNA at days 16 and 23 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; Šídák multiple comparisons test; ∗ p < 0.05; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (D) RT-qPCR analysis of CCL2 , CCL3 , and CCL5 mRNA at days 16 and 23 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; Šídák multiple comparisons test; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (E) RT-qPCR analysis of IBA1 and P2RY12 mRNA at days 16 and 23 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; Šídák multiple comparisons test; ∗ p < 0.05; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (F) Luminex cytokine/chemokine analysis of secreted M-CSF and IP-10/CXCL10 culture supernatant from HIV-1 JRFL-infected microglia; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF microglia, two-way ANOVA or Mixed-effects model, respectively; Šídák or Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons test, respectively; ∗ p < 0.05; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (G) Representative confocal images of nucleocapsid protein p24 staining in HIV-1 JRFL-infected 03SF-derived microglia (IBA1 + ). Scale bars, 10 μm.

Article Snippet: The amount of viral p24 was determined using the HIV-1 Gag p24 DuoSet ELISA (R &D System, DY7360-05).

Techniques: Infection, Activation Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Luminex, Staining

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109628

Figure Lengend Snippet: HIV-1-infected microglia exhibit productive infection, activation, and dysregulated cytokine/chemokine production (A) RT-qPCR analysis of viral gag/pol mRNA at days 9, 16, 23, and 30 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL and HIV-1 YU2; two-way ANOVA; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01; n = 3 independent infections of CD06 iPSC-derived microglia; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (B) ELISA analysis of secreted p24 in the culture supernatant of microglia infected with HIV-1 JRFL and HIV-1 YU2 at days 9, 15, 21, and 27 reveals productive infection; n = 3 independent infections of CD06 iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of IL1 β and TNFα mRNA at days 9, 16, 23, and 30 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL and HIV-1 YU2; n = 3 independent infections of CD06 iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons test; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (D) RT-qPCR analysis of CCL2 and CCL3 mRNA at days 9, 16, 23, and 30 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL and HIV-1 YU2; n = 3 independent infections of CD06 iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons test; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (E) RT-qPCR analysis of IBA1 and P2RY12 mRNA at days 9, 16, 23, and 30 post infection with HIV-1 JRFL and HIV-1 YU2; n = 3 independent infections of CD06 iPSC-derived microglia; two-way ANOVA; Holm-Šídák multiple comparisons test; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: The amount of viral p24 was determined using the HIV-1 Gag p24 DuoSet ELISA (R &D System, DY7360-05).

Techniques: Infection, Activation Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Derivative Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109628

Figure Lengend Snippet: HIV-1-infected microglia incorporate into sliced cerebral organoids (A) Representative confocal images of a day 144 organoid with neurons (MAP2 + ), astrocytes (GFAP + ), and microglia (IBA1 + ). Scale bars, 250 μm. (B) Representative confocal images of day 144 organoids 14 days after the addition of HIV-1 JRFL-infected or mock-infected microglia; (B1) shows a high-magnification image of HIV-1-infected microglia from (B). Scale bars, 250 μm or 20 μm as indicated. (C) High-magnification image of a single HIV-1-infected microglial cell within a sliced organoid. Scale bars, 20 μm. (D) RT-qPCR of gag/pol mRNA from HIV-1 JRFL-infected or mock-infected microglia organoids on day 14; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF microglia; one-tailed t test; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (E) ELISA analysis of secreted p24 in culture supernatant from HIV-1 JRFL-infected or mock-infected microglia organoid day 14; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF microglia; one-tailed t test; ∗∗ p < 0.01; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. (F) RT-qPCR analysis of ISG15 , RSAD2 , IFITM3 , MX1 , IFI44 , and IFI27 mRNA from HIV-1 JRFL-infected or mock-infected microglia organoids on day 14; n = 3 independent infections of 03SF microglia; one-tailed t test; ∗ p < 0.05; data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: The amount of viral p24 was determined using the HIV-1 Gag p24 DuoSet ELISA (R &D System, DY7360-05).

Techniques: Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, One-tailed Test, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Sustained type I interferon signaling after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human iPSC derived microglia and cerebral organoids

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109628

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: The amount of viral p24 was determined using the HIV-1 Gag p24 DuoSet ELISA (R &D System, DY7360-05).

Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, SYBR Green Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, RNA Sequencing, Software