Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: GSPE interferes with tau aggregation in vivo : implication for treating tauopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.027

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Body weight in untreated (n=9) and GSPE-treated (n=7) JNPL3 mice following 6 months of treatment. Arrow indicates the initiation of GSPE treatment in JNPL3mice at approximately 9 months of age. Mean values ± SEM. One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between the groups. (B) Wire hang test assessed in untreated (n=9) and 6-months GSPE treated (n=7) animals at 15 months of age. Results presented as scatter plots and means. GSPE-treatment improved the test scores from 6 sec to 26 sec at p= 0.0368 using one-tailed Mann Whitney t-test for non-parametric data distribution.

Article Snippet: Composition of GSPE GSPE was obtained from Polyphenolics Inc. (Madera, CA).

Techniques: One-tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: GSPE interferes with tau aggregation in vivo : implication for treating tauopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.027

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Quantitative analysis of samples from Sarcosyl-soluble and Sarcosyl-insoluble fractions examined by western blotting using HT7, PHF-1 and pSer214tau antibodies. Inset: representative western blotting images. Results presented as scatter plots and means (n=5). **P<0.01 for HT7, PHF-1 and pSer214 or NS (P>0.05) using Student's t-test. (B) Immunogold electron microscopy of sarcosyl-insoluble fractions using 10-nm immunogold labeling with HT7, PHF-1, AT100, pSer214 tau and AT8 antibodies. Note well-defined PHF-like fibrils in untreated JNPL3 mice and smaller tau aggregates in GSPE treated mice. Scale bar = 100 nm.

Article Snippet: Composition of GSPE GSPE was obtained from Polyphenolics Inc. (Madera, CA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Electron Microscopy, Labeling

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biometric, plasma parameters and energy intake of dams fed with chow and supplemented with vehicle or GSPE during lactation.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Respiratory quotient (RQ) ( A ), fat oxidation ( B ) carbohydrate oxidation ( C ) and energy expenditure (EE) ( D ) of dams that were fed with STD and supplemented with either GSPE (100 mg.kg −1 .day −1 ) (GSPE group) or vehicle (VEH group) during lactation. For indirect calorimetric measurements, at day 19 of lactation, the rats received the corresponding treatment at 09:00 am. Four hours after (at 01.00 pm) the nursing rats were separated from their pups and were transferred from their cages to an acrylic box with free access to water but no access to food. After an initial acclimatisation period of 1 hour, the indirect calorimetric analyses were carried out for 3 hours (from 02:00 pm to 5:00 pm). The mRNA levels of genes involved in adiponectin metabolism in OWAT ( E ), mammary gland ( F ) and liver ( H ) as well as the concentration of lipids in the mammary gland ( G ) are also depicted. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 8–9). *Effect of GSPE treatment (Student’s t test, p < 0.05). Acc1 , acetyl CoA carboxylase 1; Adipoq , adiponectin; Adipor1 , adiponectin receptor 1; Adipor2 , adiponectin receptor 2; Atgl , adipose triglyceride lipase; Cd36 , fatty acid translocase, homologue of CD36; Cpt1α , carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha; Dgat1 , diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; DsbA-L , disulfide-bond-A oxidoreductase-like protein; Ero1-Lα , endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1-like protein alpha; Fas , fatty acid synthase; Gpat , glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; Had , hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; Hsl , hormone-sensitive lipase; Pparα , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The evolution of body weight ( A ) and the cumulative energy intake ( B ) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. Body weight was recorded twice weekly and energy intake was documented every 10 days. Both parameters were analysed by a repeated measures (RM-) ANOVA with time as a within-subject factor and diet (STD or CAF) and metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) as between-subject factors. When the interaction between diet and time was statistically significant according to RM-ANOVA, another RM-ANOVA was also used to analyse the effects of time and metabolic programming within the STD and the CAF groups. When a significant interaction between metabolic programming effect and time was found within the STD groups under the RM-ANOVA, Student’s t test was used to compute pairwise comparisons between these groups. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). t : effect of time; D: effect of the type of diet; D x t : the interaction between diet and time; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE; txP : the interaction between time and metabolic programming effect of GSPE (p < 0.05, RM-ANOVA). The arrow indicates the day from which significant differences in body weight between the CAF and STD groups were found, i.e., the effect of diet type (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). *Metabolic programming effect of GSPE within STD groups (Student’s t test, p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Circulating levels of glucose ( A ) and insulin ( B ) after an OGTT (2 g of glucose kg −1 of body weight) performed on postnatal day 80 in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. The plasma levels of glucose ( C ) and insulin ( D ), as well the HOMA-IR ( E ) and the R-QUICKI ( F ) indexes obtained at the end point are also depicted. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). The evolution of the circulating levels of glucose during the OGTT was analysed by a repeated measures (RM-) ANOVA with time as a within-subject factor and diet (STD or CAF) and metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) as between-subject factors. At each study point, differences among groups for these parameters were assessed using a two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE)). When the interaction between diet and metabolic programming effect was statistically significant according to two-way ANOVA, Student’s t test was used to compute pairwise comparisons between groups (i.e., the effect of metabolic programming effect within diet groups and the effect of diet within VEH and GSPE groups). Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in the circulating levels of insulin at each point of the OGTT and in the serum levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and R-QUICKI at the end point. D : effect of the type of diet; t : effect of time; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE (repeated measures ANOVA or two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). $ The effect of diet within vehicle groups; * metabolic programming effect of GSPE within STD groups (Student’s t test, p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plasma levels of total adiponectin ( A ), HMW-adiponectin ( B ), plasma adiponectin/WAT weight ratio ( C ) and adiponectin content in EWAT and IWAT depots ( D ) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. The mRNA levels of genes involved in adiponectin metabolism in IWAT, soleus muscle and liver ( G ) as well as the protein levels of T-cadherin in gastrocnemius ( G ) muscle ( E ) and p-AMPK in soleus (S) muscle ( F ) are also depicted. The ratio of total adiponectin/g WAT was calculated by dividing the circulating levels of total adiponectin by the sum of the WAT depot weights (EWAT, mesenteric white adipose tissue –MWAT-, RWAT and IWAT). Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13) for the total plasma adiponectin, adiponectin/WAT weight ratio and adiponectin content in white adipose tissue depots and the mean ± SEM (n = 8) for the other analyses. Two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) was used to evaluate differences in these parameters. D : effect of the type of diet; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). Adipoq , adiponectin; Adipor1 , adiponectin receptor 1; Adipor2 , adiponectin receptor 2; DsbA-L , disulfide-bond-A oxidoreductase-like protein; Ero1-Lα , endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1-like protein alpha; EWAT: epididymal white adipose tissue; HMW-adiponectin: high-molecular weight adiponectin; IWAT: inguinal white adipose tissue; p-AMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; T-CADH: T-cadherin.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, High Molecular Weight

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biometric and plasma parameters in 90-day-old male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Respiratory quotient (RQ) ( A ), energy expenditure (EE) ( B ), carbohydrate oxidation ( C ), fat oxidation ( D ), spontaneous locomotor activity ( E ) and number of rearings ( F ) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. Indirect calorimetric measurements were performed at day 83–84 of age with free access to water, in ad libitum conditions and during 20 hours (from 12.00 pm to 08.00 am) after allowed to become acclimated to the acrylic cages for 3.5 hours (from 08:30 am to 12:00 pm). Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). Two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) was used to evaluate differences in these parameters. D : effect of the type of diet; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on the growth performance of rabbits.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on slaughter performance of meat rabbits.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on organ coefficients in meat rabbits.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on serum biochemical indicators in meat rabbits.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on liver morphology of weaned rabbits challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Control, rabbits fed the basal diet; H 2 O 2 , rabbits fed the basal diet and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 ; H 2 O 2 +GSPE, rabbits fed the basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 .

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques: Control, Injection

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on liver oxidative capacity of weaned rabbits challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). ( A ) malondialdehyde; ( B ) superoxide dismutase; ( C ) catalase; ( D ) glutathione. Control, rabbits fed the basal diet; H 2 O 2 , rabbits fed the basal diet and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 ; H 2 O 2 +GSPE, rabbits fed the basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 . a,b,c Means with different lowercase letters differ significantly among treatments ( p < 0.05). n = 8.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques: Control, Injection

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on small intestinal morphometric measurements of weaned rabbits challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). ( A ) Villus height; ( B ) crypt depth; ( C ) villus height/crypt depth. Control, rabbits fed the basal diet; H 2 O 2 , rabbits fed the basal diet and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 ; H 2 O 2 +GSPE, rabbits fed the basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 . a,b Means with different lowercase letters differ significantly among treatments ( p < 0.05). n = 8.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques: Control, Injection

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Improves Growth Performance and Protects Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress to the Liver and Intestine in Weaned Hyla Rabbits

doi: 10.3390/ani15030327

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on small intestinal oxidative capacity of weaned rabbits challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). ( A ) MDA, malondialdehyde; ( B ) SOD, superoxide dismutase;( C ) CAT, catalase; ( D ) GSH, glutathione. Control, rabbits fed the basal diet; H 2 O 2 , rabbits fed the basal diet and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 ; H 2 O 2 +GSPE, rabbits fed the basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg and given intraperitoneal injection of H 2 O 2 . a,b,c Means with different lowercase letters differ significantly among treatments ( p < 0.05). n = 8.

Article Snippet: The basal diet ( ) used in the trials was formulated in line with the nutrient requirements recommended by the Nutrition Requirements of Meat Rabbits (NY/T 4049-2021, Ministry of Agriculture of China), and the GSPE (CAS 4852-22-6, purity ≥ 95%) was purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Techniques: Control, Injection

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Violin plot depicting the expression levels of HDACs in commonly used estrogen-positive breast cancer cell lines (BT474, MCF7, T47D, and ZR751). (For gene expression level, n = 2158 (BT474), n = 839 (MCF7), n = 825 (T47D), and n = 943 (ZR751). ns p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, or **** p < 0.0001, statistical significances were assessed by one-way ANOVA after the D’Agostino-Pearson normality test). ( b ) Cell inhibition curve and logarithmic combination index (LogCI) value after treating T47D cells with a proanthocyanidin and chidamide (PA + Chi) ratio of 18.5 to 1. LogCI value < 0 indicates synergistic effect between drugs. ( c ) Cell inhibition curve and LogCI value after treating MDA-MB-231 cells with a PA + Chi ratio of 50 to 1.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Inhibition

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fractional effect and CI value of T47D cell after treatment with 18.5:1 ratio of proanthocyanidins and chidamide.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fractional effect and CI value of MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with 50:1 ratio of proanthocyanidins and chidamide.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Proliferation curves of T47D cells treated with proanthocyanidins (PA), chidamide (Chi), and their combination (PA + Chi), and the difference at day 7 after treatment. (For proliferation rate (%), n = 9 (Control), n = 9 (PA), n = 9 (Chi), and n = 9 (PA + Chi). * p < 0.05, or **** p < 0.0001). ( b ) Clone formation assay showing the number of cell colonies formed by T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, PA + Chi, and the control group. (For clone number present in histogram, n = 3 (Control), n = 3 (PA), n = 3 (Chi), and n = 3 (PA + Chi). * p < 0.05, or *** p < 0.001). ( c ) Wound-healing assay results comparing T47D cell migration from 0 h to 72 h after treatment with PA, Chi, and PA + Chi. (×40) ( d ) Transwell assay evaluating the invasive ability of T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, PA + Chi, and the control group. Representative photographs and quantification of migrated cells through the upper chamber are shown. The number of cells adhering to the outside membrane after 48 h was counted in five randomly selected views (×200; For migration cell number, n = 5 (Control), n = 5 (PA), n = 5 (Chi), and n = 5 (PA + Chi). * p < 0.05). ( e ) Apoptosis levels of T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, or PA + Chi compared to the control group. Upper left: control; upper right: PA; bottom left: Chi; bottom right: PA + Chi. ( f ) Percentage increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, and PA + Chi. No synergistic effect on ROS percentage change was observed. Statistical analysis for all quantitative multi-group comparisons in the histograms was performed using one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA tests for data with non-equal standard deviations).

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques: Control, Tube Formation Assay, Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Transwell Assay, Membrane

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Venn diagram illustrating the overlap of differentially expressed gene (DEG) in T47D cells treated with drugs. ( b ) Significantly associated pathways, up-regulated or down-regulated, possibly involved in the synergistic effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) and chidamide (Chi) on breast cancer cell characteristics or functions. ( c ) Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis of 48 DEGs related to T47D cells’ characteristics or functions using the STRING online tool.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques:

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induces apoptosis of HL-60/ADR cells via the Bax/Bcl-2 caspase-3/9 signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-21-920

Figure Lengend Snippet: GSPE directly inhibits HL-60 and HL-60/ADR cell proliferation. (A) Cell validity of different GSPE concentrations. (B) Effects of different GSPE concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 125.0, 150.0 and 200.0 µg/mL) on the survival rate of HL-60/ADR cells cultured for 24 h as compared to controls (GSPE 0 µg/mL); (C) Effects of different durations of cell culturing and different GSPE concentrations on HL-60/ADR cell proliferation. ***, P<0.001. ADR, adriamycin; GSPE, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract.

Article Snippet: GSPE with a purity exceeding 95% was purchased from Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China; Manufacturer's content Report) while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, USA).

Techniques: Cell Culture

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induces apoptosis of HL-60/ADR cells via the Bax/Bcl-2 caspase-3/9 signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-21-920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of different GSPE concentrations on HL-60/ADR cell count under trypan blue staining. (A-E) Observations of apoptotic HL-60/ADR cells cultured with different GSPE concentrations for 24 h under microscopy after trypan blue staining: (A) 0 µg/mL; (B) 25 µg/mL; (C) 50 µg/mL; (D) 75 µg/mL; (E) 100 µg/mL; dark blue cells in each image were apoptotic HL-60/ADR cells. A size scale in the lower right corner of the image shows a 100 µm distance. (F) HL-60/ADR cells survival rates when cultured with different GSPE concentrations. ***, P<0.001 when vs. control. GSPE, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; ADR, adriamycin.

Article Snippet: GSPE with a purity exceeding 95% was purchased from Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China; Manufacturer's content Report) while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, USA).

Techniques: Cell Counting, Staining, Cell Culture, Microscopy, Control

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induces apoptosis of HL-60/ADR cells via the Bax/Bcl-2 caspase-3/9 signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-21-920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of different GSPE concentrations on HL-60/ADR cell apoptosis were detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. (A-E) Cell apoptosis in different GSPE concentrations: (A) 0 µg/mL; (B) 25 µg/mL; (C) 50 µg/mL; (D) 75 µg/mL; (E) 100 µg/mL; cells in the Q4 phase were considered to be in the early stage of apoptosis while cells in the Q2 phase were considered to be in the late stage of apoptosis. (F) Quantification of cell apoptosis in HL-60/ADR cells cultured with different GSPE concentrations. The proportion of apoptotic cells was calculated by the ratio of Q2 to Q4 quadrant cells. ***, P<0.001 when vs. control. GSPE, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; ADR, adriamycin.

Article Snippet: GSPE with a purity exceeding 95% was purchased from Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China; Manufacturer's content Report) while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, USA).

Techniques: Double Staining, Cell Culture, Control

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induces apoptosis of HL-60/ADR cells via the Bax/Bcl-2 caspase-3/9 signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-21-920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of different GSPE concentrations on Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA expression in HL-60/ADR cells. (A) Bax mRNA expression at different GSPE concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 µg/mL). (B) Bcl-2 mRNA expression at different GSPE concentrations. (C) The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 at different GSPE concentrations. *, P<0.05, **, P<0.01, ***, P<0.001 vs. control (GSPE 0 µg/mL). GSPE, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; ADR, adriamycin.

Article Snippet: GSPE with a purity exceeding 95% was purchased from Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China; Manufacturer's content Report) while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induces apoptosis of HL-60/ADR cells via the Bax/Bcl-2 caspase-3/9 signaling pathway

doi: 10.21037/tcr-21-920

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of different GSPE concentrations on the activity of caspases-3 and -9 in HL-60/ADR cells. (A) Effects of different GSPE concentrations (0, 50, 75, 100 µg/mL) on the activity of caspase-3; (B) effects of different GSPE concentrations (0, 50, 75, 100 µg/mL) on the activity of caspase-9, after HL-60/ADR cells were treated with GSPE for 6, 12 and 24 h. *, P<0.05, **, P<0.01, ***, P<0.001 vs. control (GSPE 0 µg/mL). GSPE, grape seed proanthocyanidin extract; ADR, adriamycin.

Article Snippet: GSPE with a purity exceeding 95% was purchased from Tianjin Jianfeng Natural Product R&D Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China; Manufacturer's content Report) while 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control