Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: GSPE interferes with tau aggregation in vivo : implication for treating tauopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.027

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Body weight in untreated (n=9) and GSPE-treated (n=7) JNPL3 mice following 6 months of treatment. Arrow indicates the initiation of GSPE treatment in JNPL3mice at approximately 9 months of age. Mean values ± SEM. One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between the groups. (B) Wire hang test assessed in untreated (n=9) and 6-months GSPE treated (n=7) animals at 15 months of age. Results presented as scatter plots and means. GSPE-treatment improved the test scores from 6 sec to 26 sec at p= 0.0368 using one-tailed Mann Whitney t-test for non-parametric data distribution.

Article Snippet: Composition of GSPE GSPE was obtained from Polyphenolics Inc. (Madera, CA).

Techniques: One-tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: GSPE interferes with tau aggregation in vivo : implication for treating tauopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.027

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Quantitative analysis of samples from Sarcosyl-soluble and Sarcosyl-insoluble fractions examined by western blotting using HT7, PHF-1 and pSer214tau antibodies. Inset: representative western blotting images. Results presented as scatter plots and means (n=5). **P<0.01 for HT7, PHF-1 and pSer214 or NS (P>0.05) using Student's t-test. (B) Immunogold electron microscopy of sarcosyl-insoluble fractions using 10-nm immunogold labeling with HT7, PHF-1, AT100, pSer214 tau and AT8 antibodies. Note well-defined PHF-like fibrils in untreated JNPL3 mice and smaller tau aggregates in GSPE treated mice. Scale bar = 100 nm.

Article Snippet: Composition of GSPE GSPE was obtained from Polyphenolics Inc. (Madera, CA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Electron Microscopy, Labeling

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biometric, plasma parameters and energy intake of dams fed with chow and supplemented with vehicle or GSPE during lactation.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Respiratory quotient (RQ) ( A ), fat oxidation ( B ) carbohydrate oxidation ( C ) and energy expenditure (EE) ( D ) of dams that were fed with STD and supplemented with either GSPE (100 mg.kg −1 .day −1 ) (GSPE group) or vehicle (VEH group) during lactation. For indirect calorimetric measurements, at day 19 of lactation, the rats received the corresponding treatment at 09:00 am. Four hours after (at 01.00 pm) the nursing rats were separated from their pups and were transferred from their cages to an acrylic box with free access to water but no access to food. After an initial acclimatisation period of 1 hour, the indirect calorimetric analyses were carried out for 3 hours (from 02:00 pm to 5:00 pm). The mRNA levels of genes involved in adiponectin metabolism in OWAT ( E ), mammary gland ( F ) and liver ( H ) as well as the concentration of lipids in the mammary gland ( G ) are also depicted. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 8–9). *Effect of GSPE treatment (Student’s t test, p < 0.05). Acc1 , acetyl CoA carboxylase 1; Adipoq , adiponectin; Adipor1 , adiponectin receptor 1; Adipor2 , adiponectin receptor 2; Atgl , adipose triglyceride lipase; Cd36 , fatty acid translocase, homologue of CD36; Cpt1α , carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 alpha; Dgat1 , diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; DsbA-L , disulfide-bond-A oxidoreductase-like protein; Ero1-Lα , endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1-like protein alpha; Fas , fatty acid synthase; Gpat , glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; Had , hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; Hsl , hormone-sensitive lipase; Pparα , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: The evolution of body weight ( A ) and the cumulative energy intake ( B ) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. Body weight was recorded twice weekly and energy intake was documented every 10 days. Both parameters were analysed by a repeated measures (RM-) ANOVA with time as a within-subject factor and diet (STD or CAF) and metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) as between-subject factors. When the interaction between diet and time was statistically significant according to RM-ANOVA, another RM-ANOVA was also used to analyse the effects of time and metabolic programming within the STD and the CAF groups. When a significant interaction between metabolic programming effect and time was found within the STD groups under the RM-ANOVA, Student’s t test was used to compute pairwise comparisons between these groups. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). t : effect of time; D: effect of the type of diet; D x t : the interaction between diet and time; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE; txP : the interaction between time and metabolic programming effect of GSPE (p < 0.05, RM-ANOVA). The arrow indicates the day from which significant differences in body weight between the CAF and STD groups were found, i.e., the effect of diet type (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). *Metabolic programming effect of GSPE within STD groups (Student’s t test, p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Circulating levels of glucose ( A ) and insulin ( B ) after an OGTT (2 g of glucose kg −1 of body weight) performed on postnatal day 80 in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. The plasma levels of glucose ( C ) and insulin ( D ), as well the HOMA-IR ( E ) and the R-QUICKI ( F ) indexes obtained at the end point are also depicted. Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). The evolution of the circulating levels of glucose during the OGTT was analysed by a repeated measures (RM-) ANOVA with time as a within-subject factor and diet (STD or CAF) and metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) as between-subject factors. At each study point, differences among groups for these parameters were assessed using a two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE)). When the interaction between diet and metabolic programming effect was statistically significant according to two-way ANOVA, Student’s t test was used to compute pairwise comparisons between groups (i.e., the effect of metabolic programming effect within diet groups and the effect of diet within VEH and GSPE groups). Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in the circulating levels of insulin at each point of the OGTT and in the serum levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and R-QUICKI at the end point. D : effect of the type of diet; t : effect of time; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE (repeated measures ANOVA or two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). $ The effect of diet within vehicle groups; * metabolic programming effect of GSPE within STD groups (Student’s t test, p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plasma levels of total adiponectin ( A ), HMW-adiponectin ( B ), plasma adiponectin/WAT weight ratio ( C ) and adiponectin content in EWAT and IWAT depots ( D ) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. The mRNA levels of genes involved in adiponectin metabolism in IWAT, soleus muscle and liver ( G ) as well as the protein levels of T-cadherin in gastrocnemius ( G ) muscle ( E ) and p-AMPK in soleus (S) muscle ( F ) are also depicted. The ratio of total adiponectin/g WAT was calculated by dividing the circulating levels of total adiponectin by the sum of the WAT depot weights (EWAT, mesenteric white adipose tissue –MWAT-, RWAT and IWAT). Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13) for the total plasma adiponectin, adiponectin/WAT weight ratio and adiponectin content in white adipose tissue depots and the mean ± SEM (n = 8) for the other analyses. Two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) was used to evaluate differences in these parameters. D : effect of the type of diet; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05). Adipoq , adiponectin; Adipor1 , adiponectin receptor 1; Adipor2 , adiponectin receptor 2; DsbA-L , disulfide-bond-A oxidoreductase-like protein; Ero1-Lα , endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1-like protein alpha; EWAT: epididymal white adipose tissue; HMW-adiponectin: high-molecular weight adiponectin; IWAT: inguinal white adipose tissue; p-AMPK, phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase; T-CADH: T-cadherin.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, High Molecular Weight

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biometric and plasma parameters in 90-day-old male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation.

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12597-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Respiratory quotient (RQ) ( A ), energy expenditure (EE) ( B ), carbohydrate oxidation ( C ), fat oxidation ( D ), spontaneous locomotor activity ( E ) and number of rearings ( F ) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. Indirect calorimetric measurements were performed at day 83–84 of age with free access to water, in ad libitum conditions and during 20 hours (from 12.00 pm to 08.00 am) after allowed to become acclimated to the acrylic cages for 3.5 hours (from 08:30 am to 12:00 pm). Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). Two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) was used to evaluate differences in these parameters. D : effect of the type of diet; P : metabolic programming effect of GSPE (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The gross composition of the GSPE extract was also analyzed by a reference analytical laboratory (Agrolab Ibérica S.L.U., Tarragona, Spain).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Viability changes of L-02 cells after arsenic or grape seed procyanidin extract treatment (mean and 95% CI). Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. & 12 h versus the control group, P < 0.05; ∗ 24 h versus the control group, P < 0.05; # 48 h versus the control group, P < 0.05. CI: confidence interval. Cell viability decreased significantly with increase in concentration and intervention time of arsenic. GSPE had no significant effect on cell viability.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: MTT Assay, Control, Concentration Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract on apoptosis. (a1) The control group showed normal levels of L-02 cell apoptosis. The percentage of apoptotic cells was less than 5%. (a2–a4) GSPE (10, 25, and 50 mg/L for 24 h) treatment groups showed normal L-02 cell apoptosis compared with the control group. In the arsenic (25 μ M for 24 h) treatment group, apoptosis increased significantly and was mainly advanced apoptosis (20.2%). (b2–b4) The arsenic (25 μ M) + GSPE (10, 25, and 50 mg/L) group (for 24 h) showed gradual decrease in apoptosis with increase in GSPE concentrations.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: ROS fluorescence intensity in L-02 cells. (a) The control group showed weak ROS fluorescence intensity. (b–d) The GSPE (10, 25, and 50 mg/L for 24 h) groups showed weaker fluorescence intensity than the control group. (e) Intense green fluorescence of ROS was found in the arsenic (25 μ M) treatment group. (f–h) The arsenic (25 μ M) + GSPE (10, 25, and 50 mg/L) group (for 24 h) displayed gradual decrease in fluorescence intensity with increase in GSPE concentrations. ROS fluorescence intensity was significantly higher in the arsenic group than in the control group . However, GSPE effectively removed ROS induced by arsenic (Figures – ).

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: ROS changes in L-02 cells after arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract treatment for 24 h. The more the number of FITC-A + cells, the more the ROS in the cells: (a1) the control group, (a2) the 10 mg/L GSPE group, (b1) the 25 mg/L GSPE group, (b2) the 50 mg/L GSPE group, (c1) the arsenic (25 μ M) group, (c2) the arsenic (25 μ M) + 10 mg/L GSPE group, (d1) the arsenic (25 μ M) + 25 mg/L GSPE group, and (d2) the arsenic (25 μ M) + 50 mg/L GSPE group.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract on liver function after 24 h (mean ± SD, n = 3). ∗ Versus the control group, P < 0.05; # versus the arsenic group, P < 0.05. ALT and AST activities in the arsenic group were markedly higher than those in the control group. Arsenic + GSPE treatment decreased the activities of ALT and AST compared with the arsenic group.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oxidative stress changes in L-02 cells after arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract treatment for 24 h (mean ± SD, n = 3). ∗ Versus the control group, P < 0.05; # versus the arsenic group, P < 0.05. Treatment with arsenic caused a prominent decrease in GSH, SOD, and -SH levels compared with the control group. MDA content was significantly higher in the arsenic group than in the control group. Treatment with arsenic + GSPE elevated GSH, -SH, and SOD levels compared with the arsenic group.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of grape seed procyanidin extract on arsenic methylation (mean ± SD, n = 3). ∗ Versus the arsenic only group, P < 0.05. Treatment with 50 mg/L GSPE caused a marked decrease in iAs 3+ levels compared with the arsenic group. However, MMA content was significantly higher in the 25 and 50 mg/L GSPE groups than in the arsenic group. DMA content in each GSPE group was higher than that in the arsenic group.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proportion of arsenic methylated metabolites in cells and medium (mean ± SD, n = 3). The cells were treated with arsenic (25 μ M) and grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE; 10, 25, and 50 mg/L) for 24 h. ∗ P < 0.05 compared with the GSPE untreated group. Compared with the GSPE untreated group, 25 and 50 mg/L GSPE reduced the proportion of iAs 3+ and increased the proportion of iAs 5+ , MMA, and DMA in cells. Similarly, treatment with GSPE for 24 h increased the proportion of DMA in medium compared with the untreated group.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on primary methylation index and secondary methylation index.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of grape seed procyanidin extract on average growth rate of methylation and average methylation speed (mean ± SD, n = 3). # Versus 0–12 h groups at the same dose of GSPE, P < 0.05. The average growth rates of monomethylation and dimethylation in the GSPE treatment groups at 12, 24, and 48 h were higher than those in the GSPE untreated group (a, b). Furthermore, GSPE promoted the average methylation speed of monomethylation and dimethylation at 12, 24, and 48 h compared with the GSPE untreated group (c, d).

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot analysis of proteins after treatment with arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract. Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, and GST protein expression was measured in L-02 cells treated with arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract by western blotting. Treatment with GSPE (25 and 50 mg/L) significantly elevated the protein contents of Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, and GST in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. Compared with the control group, arsenic (25 μ M) markedly decreased the protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes after 24 h. However, the protein contents of Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, and GST in the arsenic + GSPE group increased gradually compared with the contents in the arsenic group.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: mRNA expression of Nrf2 and its downstream genes.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Expressing, Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract on liver function after Nrf2 inhibition. After Nrf2 inhibition, L-02 cells were treated with arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract for 24 h. ∗ Compared with the control group, P < 0.05; # compared with the arsenic group, P < 0.05. After Nrf2 inhibition, high-dose GSPE could still reduce ALT and AST levels compared with the arsenic group, but the reducing effect of GSPE on arsenic-induced ALT and AST levels was weak.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Inhibition, Control

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract on oxidative stress after Nrf2 inhibition. After Nrf2 inhibition, L-02 cells were treated with arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract for 24 h. ∗ Compared with the control group, P < 0.05; # compared with the arsenic group, P < 0.05. 50 mg/L GSPE could increase SOD activity and reduce MDA level compared with the control group. SOD, GSH, and -SH levels in the arsenic group decreased further after Nrf2 inhibition when compared with the control group and were lower than those in the arsenic group before Nrf2 inhibition. MDA content increased further after Nrf2 inhibition and was higher than that in the arsenic group before Nrf2 inhibition. SOD and -SH levels in the arsenic + GSPE group increased after Nrf2 inhibition compared with the levels in the arsenic group, but were still lower than the levels in the arsenic + GSPE group before Nrf2 inhibition.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Activity Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of grape seed procyanidin extract on arsenic methylation in Nrf2-suppressed cells (mean ± SD, n = 3). Nrf2-suppressed cells were treated with arsenic (25 μ M) and grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE; 0, 10, 25, and 50 mg/L) for 24 h. ∗ Versus the GSPE (0 mg/L) group, P < 0.05. Treatment with 50 mg/L GSPE caused a prominent increase in iAs 3+ levels compared with the same intervention in Nrf2 normal cells. However, DMA content in the 50 mg/L GSPE group after Nrf2 inhibition was lower than that in Nrf2 normal cells treated with the same dose. In Nrf2-suppressed cells, GSPE had no significant effect on MMA compared with Nrf2 normal cells. In addition, MMA content in Nrf2-suppressed cells was higher than that in Nrf2 normal cells.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation, Inhibition

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proportion of arsenic compounds in Nrf2-suppressed cells (mean ± SD, n = 3). Nrf2-suppressed cells were treated with arsenic (25 μ M) and grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE; 0, 10, 25, and 50 mg/L) for 24 h. ∗ Versus the GSPE (0 mg/L) group, P < 0.05; # versus the same intervention group in Nrf2 normal cells, P < 0.05. The proportions of various arsenic compounds in Nrf2-suppressed cells and its medium were calculated. The iAs 3+ proportion was higher in Nrf2-suppressed cells treated with GSPE (50 mg/L) than in Nrf2 normal cells treated with the same dose. However, the DMA proportions in Nrf2-suppressed cells treated with GSPE (50 mg/L) and in medium were lower than that in Nrf2 normal cells and medium treated with the same dose.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques:

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on primary methylation index and secondary methylation index in Nrf2-suppressed cells.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of grape seed procyanidin extract on average growth rate of methylation and average methylation speed in Nrf2-suppressed cells (mean ± SD, n = 3). Nrf2-suppressed cells were treated with arsenic (25 μ M) and grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE; 0, 10, 25, and 50 mg/L) for 24 h. # Versus 0–12 h group, P < 0.05; red shapes indicate the level in Nrf2 normal cells versus the same intervention group in Nrf2-suppressed cells, P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: mRNA expression of the Nrf2 pathway in Nrf2-suppressed cells (mean ± SD, n = 3). L-02 cells were treated with arsenic and/or grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) for 24 h. ∗ In Nrf2 normal cells versus the control group, P < 0.05; # in Nrf2 normal cells versus the arsenic group, P < 0.05; a in Nrf2 inhibition cells versus the control group, P < 0.05; b in Nrf2 inhibition cells versus the arsenic group, P < 0.05. In Nrf2-suppressed cells, GSPE could still mitigate arsenic-induced decrease in mRNA expression of Nrf2 and downstream genes; however, its effect was weaker than that in Nrf2 normal cells.

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Inhibition

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Proanthocyanidins Antagonize Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage and Promote Arsenic Methylation through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1155/2019/8549035

Figure Lengend Snippet: The action mechanism of GSPE on oxidative stress induced by arsenic and methylation of arsenic. Arsenic can cause oxidative injuries by reducing the activity of antioxidative enzymes and increasing the amount of peroxide products. GSPE contains many phenolic hydroxyl groups and release H + , which can bind active oxygen radicals and competitively block the reaction chains of free radicals, reducing the consumption of antioxidants and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, GSPE promotes the dissociation of Nrf2 and Keap1 proteins, allowing Nrf2 to enter the nucleus from the cytoplasm, thus promoting the expression of downstream genes of Nrf2 and increasing the antioxidant capacity. The Nrf2 pathway activation increases the level of GSH, which promotes the methylation of arsenic (arrows: promotion; blunt arrows: inhibition).

Article Snippet: Commercially available GSPE powder was obtained from Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China; purity ≥ 95%).

Techniques: Methylation, Activity Assay, Blocking Assay, Expressing, Activation Assay, Inhibition

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Violin plot depicting the expression levels of HDACs in commonly used estrogen-positive breast cancer cell lines (BT474, MCF7, T47D, and ZR751). (For gene expression level, n = 2158 (BT474), n = 839 (MCF7), n = 825 (T47D), and n = 943 (ZR751). ns p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, or **** p < 0.0001, statistical significances were assessed by one-way ANOVA after the D’Agostino-Pearson normality test). ( b ) Cell inhibition curve and logarithmic combination index (LogCI) value after treating T47D cells with a proanthocyanidin and chidamide (PA + Chi) ratio of 18.5 to 1. LogCI value < 0 indicates synergistic effect between drugs. ( c ) Cell inhibition curve and LogCI value after treating MDA-MB-231 cells with a PA + Chi ratio of 50 to 1.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Inhibition

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fractional effect and CI value of T47D cell after treatment with 18.5:1 ratio of proanthocyanidins and chidamide.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fractional effect and CI value of MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with 50:1 ratio of proanthocyanidins and chidamide.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Proliferation curves of T47D cells treated with proanthocyanidins (PA), chidamide (Chi), and their combination (PA + Chi), and the difference at day 7 after treatment. (For proliferation rate (%), n = 9 (Control), n = 9 (PA), n = 9 (Chi), and n = 9 (PA + Chi). * p < 0.05, or **** p < 0.0001). ( b ) Clone formation assay showing the number of cell colonies formed by T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, PA + Chi, and the control group. (For clone number present in histogram, n = 3 (Control), n = 3 (PA), n = 3 (Chi), and n = 3 (PA + Chi). * p < 0.05, or *** p < 0.001). ( c ) Wound-healing assay results comparing T47D cell migration from 0 h to 72 h after treatment with PA, Chi, and PA + Chi. (×40) ( d ) Transwell assay evaluating the invasive ability of T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, PA + Chi, and the control group. Representative photographs and quantification of migrated cells through the upper chamber are shown. The number of cells adhering to the outside membrane after 48 h was counted in five randomly selected views (×200; For migration cell number, n = 5 (Control), n = 5 (PA), n = 5 (Chi), and n = 5 (PA + Chi). * p < 0.05). ( e ) Apoptosis levels of T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, or PA + Chi compared to the control group. Upper left: control; upper right: PA; bottom left: Chi; bottom right: PA + Chi. ( f ) Percentage increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in T47D cells treated with PA, Chi, and PA + Chi. No synergistic effect on ROS percentage change was observed. Statistical analysis for all quantitative multi-group comparisons in the histograms was performed using one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA tests for data with non-equal standard deviations).

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques: Control, Tube Formation Assay, Wound Healing Assay, Migration, Transwell Assay, Membrane

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Synergistic Effect of Proanthocyanidin and HDAC Inhibitor Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Promote Apoptosis

doi: 10.3390/ijms241310476

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Venn diagram illustrating the overlap of differentially expressed gene (DEG) in T47D cells treated with drugs. ( b ) Significantly associated pathways, up-regulated or down-regulated, possibly involved in the synergistic effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) and chidamide (Chi) on breast cancer cell characteristics or functions. ( c ) Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis of 48 DEGs related to T47D cells’ characteristics or functions using the STRING online tool.

Article Snippet: Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE/PA) + Chidamide (Chi) , 37.5 , 0.75 , 38.25 , 0.410 , 0.60335.

Techniques: