Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Low-Cost GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Slope Instabilities Applied to Madonna Del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy)

doi: 10.3390/s20010289

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) shows the location on maps of Global Navigation Satellite System GNSS antennas “SAS a” and “SAS b” with latitude-longitude (upper right) and UTM WGS 84 (bottom left) coordinates; ( B ) a picture shows the location of antennas from the courtyard perspective; ( C ) the photo shows a detail of “SAS a” antenna [451401.968 E, 5070726.618 N, 682.378 h–WGS4 32 N]; ( D ) shows a detail of “SAS b” antenna SAS b [451384.123 E, 5070731.990 N, 683.187 h–WGS4 32 N].

Article Snippet: In our case study, this happened in the 22% of the period for GNSS “SAS a”, mainly for logistics or maintenance problems (e.g., lightning strike) to the experimental system.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Low-Cost GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Slope Instabilities Applied to Madonna Del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy)

doi: 10.3390/s20010289

Figure Lengend Snippet: The alarm code for East, North, and vertical components the for the period December 2018–May 2019 for the GNSS SAS a.

Article Snippet: In our case study, this happened in the 22% of the period for GNSS “SAS a”, mainly for logistics or maintenance problems (e.g., lightning strike) to the experimental system.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Low-Cost GNSS Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Slope Instabilities Applied to Madonna Del Sasso Sanctuary (NW Italy)

doi: 10.3390/s20010289

Figure Lengend Snippet: An example of displacement and deformation time series output sent to a monitoring expert. ( A ) computation of the E, N, and h displacements from the difference with original WGS84 32N coordinates for the GNSS SAS b; ( B ) computation of the deformation calculated from the original distance between the GNSS SAS a and SAS b. The time is expressed in Doy (Day of the year, where 0 = is 1 January 2018).

Article Snippet: In our case study, this happened in the 22% of the period for GNSS “SAS a”, mainly for logistics or maintenance problems (e.g., lightning strike) to the experimental system.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Novatel GNSS 750 ( left ) and Leica AR25 ( right ) antenna as measured at DLR’s near field antenna test facility in Oberpfaffenhofen.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gain in dBic (RHCP in blue, LHCP in red; different lines represent different azimuth values with a resolution of 2 deg) at L1/E1 central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4, ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750, ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) NavXperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysmann VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gain in dBic (RHCP in blue, LHCP in red; different lines represent different azimuth values with a resolution of 2 deg) at L5/E5a central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysmann VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalized phase center variations (PCVs) in mm at L1/E1 central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysmann VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Normalized phase center variations (PCVs) in mm at L5/E5a central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysmann VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Group delay in ns at L1/E1 central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Group delay in ns at L5/E5a central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPSI up at L1/E1 central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPSI up at L5/E5a central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPSI down at L1/E1 central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPSI down at L5/E5a central frequency of the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Novatel 703-GGG; ( 7 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 8 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pictures of Leica AR25 and Novatel GNSS 750.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of GNSS Rx antennas for ground applications.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: C/N0 at L1/E1 for the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 7 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar. Different colors indicate different PRNs.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: C/N0 at L5/E5a for the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 7 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar. Different colors indicate different PRNs.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: The 100 s smoothed multipath (estimated through CMC) at L1/E1 for the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 7 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar. Different colors indicate different PRNs.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: The 100 s smoothed multipath (estimated through CMC) at L5/E5a for the antennas measured at DLR; from left to right, from top to bottom: ( 1 ) Leica AR25 R4; ( 2 ) Novatel GNSS-750; ( 3 ) Javad RingAnt-DM; ( 4 ) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; ( 5 ) DLR internal design; ( 6 ) Navxperience Nav3G+C; ( 7 ) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar. Different colors indicate different PRNs.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques:

Journal: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Antennas as Precise Sensors for GNSS Reference Stations and High-Performance PNT Applications on Earth and in Space

doi: 10.3390/s21124192

Figure Lengend Snippet: RMS of 100 s smoothed multipath (estimated through CMC) at L1/E1 for the antennas measured at DLR: (1) Leica AR25 R4; (2) Novatel GNSS-750; (3) Javad RingAnt-DM; (4) Space Engineering GalExpAnt; (5) DLR internal design; (6) Navxperience Nav3G+C; (7) Tallysman VSE6028 VeroStar.

Article Snippet: In this case, PCV shows changes along the elevation angle, as was the case for Javad RingAnt-DM or Novatel GNSS-750, in addition to quite significant differences along the azimuth, especially in the L1/E1 frequency band up to 12 mm difference in lower elevations.

Techniques: