Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: Green Tea Catechins Significantly Reduce Zika Virus in RBCs Through Viral Inactivation

doi: 10.3390/pathogens15030334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effect of GTE on ZIKV infection in A549 cells. ( A ) Structural formula of EGCG, ECG, and EGC. ( B ) Cells were immunostained with an anti-ZIKV capsid antibody (red) to visualize infected cells. Nuclei are shown in blue (DAPI). Original magnification, 200×; scale bar = 50 μm. The infection rate, defined as the ratio of ZIKV-positive (red) cells to the total number of DAPI-stained nuclei, was quantified from three replicate wells. ( C ) RT-qPCR analysis showing the relative expression of ZIKV RNA (normalized to GAPDH) in A549 cells treated with the indicated concentrations of GTE. ( D ) Western blot analysis shows that GTE treatment reduces the level of ZIKV capsid protein in infected cells. The graph presents the quantitative analysis of the protein bands normalized to the loading control β-actin. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. virus control).

Article Snippet: Green tea extract (GTE) and purified catechins, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC) (purity > 99%; MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to prepare stock solutions for experimental use.

Techniques: Infection, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Western Blot, Control, Virus

Journal: Pathogens

Article Title: Green Tea Catechins Significantly Reduce Zika Virus in RBCs Through Viral Inactivation

doi: 10.3390/pathogens15030334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effects of EGCG, ECG and EGC on ZIKV infection in A549 cells. ( A ) Immunofluorescence analysis showing that EGCG significantly inhibits the expression of ZIKV capsid protein (red) in A549 cells; ( B ) Immunofluorescence analysis indicating that ECG remarkably suppresses the expression of ZIKV capsid protein (red) in A549 cells; ( C ) Immunofluorescence analysis presenting that EGC exerts a slight inhibitory effect on the expression of ZIKV capsid protein (red) in A549 cells. Nuclei were counterstained in blue with DAPI. Original magnification was 200×, and the scale bar represented 50 μm. The infection rate was quantified as the ratio of ZIKV-positive cells to the total number of DAPI-positive cells. Values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. the untreated infected control group; ns = not significant.

Article Snippet: Green tea extract (GTE) and purified catechins, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin (EGC) (purity > 99%; MedChemExpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to prepare stock solutions for experimental use.

Techniques: Infection, Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Control

Journal: Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Article Title: Pretreatment of Tribulus terrestris L. causes anti-ischemic cardioprotection through MAPK mediated anti-apoptotic pathway in rat.

doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.033

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Effect of TTM on Electrocardiogram patterns. Electrocardiogram of control rats showed normal ECG patterns, and isoproterenol treatment (85 mg/kg) showed a marked ST-segment elevation. Pretreatment of TTM (250 and 500 mg/kg) prior to isoproterenol treatment showed near normal ECG patterns. There was an increase in heart rate on isoproterenol treatment and TTM (250 and 500 mg/kg) pretreatment prior to isoproterenol treatment was able to normalize the increase in heart rate. Rats were pretreated with TTM 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight and positive control (propranolol) 15 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. Isoproterenol was injected, and after 24 h, rats were anaesthetised using ketamine (65 mg/kg body weight) and xylazine (5 mg/kg body weight) and subjected to ECG analysis.

Article Snippet: ECG recording was performed using a PowerLab data acquisition system and analysed with ECG Analysis Module (AD Instruments, Australia).

Techniques: Control, Positive Control, Injection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Loss of developmentally derived Irf8+ macrophages promotes hyperinnervation and arrhythmia in the adult zebrafish heart

doi: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589909

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cartoon depiction of the rack-compatible swim tunnel with metered flow. Following a 5-minute acclimation period within the tunnel, 12 mpf zebrafish were subjected to increasing flow rate intervals for a total of 1 hour. (B) Cartoon depiction of an ECG recording and a representative ECG trace from an anesthetized fish placed ventral-side up in a sponge surrounded by anesthesia solution. (C) Representative ECG traces for wild type and irf8 mutant zebrafish following the swim assay. Black arrows indicate unique electrical disturbances occurring above any baseline noise. (D) Percentage of fish with an abnormal electrical event during the ECG recording. Male n = 7 per genotype, ****p < 0.0001. Female n = 4-8 per genotype, ****p < 0.0001. Fisher’s exact test. (E) Categorization of ECG abnormalities observed throughout all wild type and irf8 mutant fish.

Article Snippet: To record electrical impulses, we used the CardioPhys TM ECG system (World Precision Instruments), which included a low-noise gold ECG probe, micromanipulator, bio-amplifier and ground electrode, in combination with the PowerLab 2/26 data acquisition unit (ADInstruments, PL2602).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Loss of developmentally derived Irf8+ macrophages promotes hyperinnervation and arrhythmia in the adult zebrafish heart

doi: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589909

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cartoon depiction of an adult zebrafish undergoing an echocardiogram with the transducer in the long-axis (LAX) position. Echocardiograms were performed on unchallenged fish. (B) Cartoon of an adult zebrafish heart from the perspective of the echocardiography recording, denoting the atrium (A), atrioventricular (AV) valve, ventriculobulbar (VB) valve, and bulbus arteriosus (BA). The boxes around the AV valve and VB valve depict the gating strategies to determine inward flow and outward flow of blood from the ventricle. (C) Still image from an adult zebrafish echocardiography recording with the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus outlined in red. (D) Representative echocardiogram trace gating on the AV valve with the early filling (E) wave, late filling (A) wave, diastasis time, isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), aortic ejection time (AET), and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) labeled. (E-G) Quantifications of IVRT (E), AET (F), and pressure within the VB valve (G) in male and female wild type and irf8 mutant fish at 6 and 12 mpf. Male n = 10-21 per genotype and timepoint. Female n = 9-14 per genotype and timepoint. Each point represents individual beats per fish. 8-10 beats were analyzed per fish. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. (H) Quantification of heart in male and female wild type and irf8 mutants. (I) Representative echocardiogram traces from a wild type and irf8 mutant recording. (J-M) Quantification of diastasis time in wild type males (J) and females (K) at 6 mpf and 12 mpf, as well as diastasis time in irf8 mutant males (L) and females (M) at 6 mpf and 12 mpf. A Gaussian distribution was created by analyzing 8 beats per sample and grouping diastasis duration in defined increments. Male n = 10-21 per genotype and timepoint. Female n = 9-14 per genotype and timepoint. Horizontal bars represent the range of diastasis duration. (N-O) 95% confidence interval of the average diastasis time durations in wild type (gray) and irf8 mutant (blue) males (N) and females (O).

Article Snippet: To record electrical impulses, we used the CardioPhys TM ECG system (World Precision Instruments), which included a low-noise gold ECG probe, micromanipulator, bio-amplifier and ground electrode, in combination with the PowerLab 2/26 data acquisition unit (ADInstruments, PL2602).

Techniques: Labeling, Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Loss of developmentally derived Irf8+ macrophages promotes hyperinnervation and arrhythmia in the adult zebrafish heart

doi: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589909

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cartoon depiction of the rack-compatible swim tunnel with metered flow. Following a 5-minute acclimation period within the tunnel, 12 mpf zebrafish were subjected to increasing flow rate intervals for a total of 1 hour. (B) Cartoon depiction of an ECG recording and a representative ECG trace from an anesthetized fish placed ventral-side up in a sponge surrounded by anesthesia solution. (C) Representative ECG traces for wild type and irf8 mutant zebrafish following the swim assay. Black arrows indicate unique electrical disturbances occurring above any baseline noise. (D) Percentage of fish with an abnormal electrical event during the ECG recording. Male n = 7 per genotype, ****p < 0.0001. Female n = 4-8 per genotype, ****p < 0.0001. Fisher’s exact test. (E) Categorization of ECG abnormalities observed throughout all wild type and irf8 mutant fish.

Article Snippet: To record electrical impulses, we used the CardioPhys TM ECG system (World Precision Instruments), which included a low-noise gold ECG probe, micromanipulator, bio-amplifier and ground electrode, in combination with the PowerLab 2/26 data acquisition unit (ADInstruments, PL2602).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Loss of developmentally derived Irf8+ macrophages promotes hyperinnervation and arrhythmia in the adult zebrafish heart

doi: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589909

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cartoon depiction of an adult zebrafish undergoing an echocardiogram with the transducer in the long-axis (LAX) position. Echocardiograms were performed on unchallenged fish. (B) Cartoon of an adult zebrafish heart from the perspective of the echocardiography recording, denoting the atrium (A), atrioventricular (AV) valve, ventriculobulbar (VB) valve, and bulbus arteriosus (BA). The boxes around the AV valve and VB valve depict the gating strategies to determine inward flow and outward flow of blood from the ventricle. (C) Still image from an adult zebrafish echocardiography recording with the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus outlined in red. (D) Representative echocardiogram trace gating on the AV valve with the early filling (E) wave, late filling (A) wave, diastasis time, isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), aortic ejection time (AET), and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) labeled. (E-G) Quantifications of IVRT (E), AET (F), and pressure within the VB valve (G) in male and female wild type and irf8 mutant fish at 6 and 12 mpf. Male n = 10-21 per genotype and timepoint. Female n = 9-14 per genotype and timepoint. Each point represents individual beats per fish. 8-10 beats were analyzed per fish. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. (H) Quantification of heart in male and female wild type and irf8 mutants. (I) Representative echocardiogram traces from a wild type and irf8 mutant recording. (J-M) Quantification of diastasis time in wild type males (J) and females (K) at 6 mpf and 12 mpf, as well as diastasis time in irf8 mutant males (L) and females (M) at 6 mpf and 12 mpf. A Gaussian distribution was created by analyzing 8 beats per sample and grouping diastasis duration in defined increments. Male n = 10-21 per genotype and timepoint. Female n = 9-14 per genotype and timepoint. Horizontal bars represent the range of diastasis duration. (N-O) 95% confidence interval of the average diastasis time durations in wild type (gray) and irf8 mutant (blue) males (N) and females (O).

Article Snippet: To record electrical impulses, we used the CardioPhys TM ECG system (World Precision Instruments), which included a low-noise gold ECG probe, micromanipulator, bio-amplifier and ground electrode, in combination with the PowerLab 2/26 data acquisition unit (ADInstruments, PL2602).

Techniques: Labeling, Mutagenesis