Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regional brain distribution of intranasally administered IRAs in CD-1 mice. Mean %Inj/g values 30 min after IN delivery represented in drawings of mid-sagittal sections. For dulaglutide in males, some regions (Olf Bulb, OC, Hy) exceeded the scale, indicated by hatch marks (see Supplemental Table for %Inj/g value). The same scale bar (0-0.14%Inj/g) was used for each IRA to best compare against the other IRAs. n = 4/sex/region/IRA. Olf bulb = olfactory bulb, FC = frontal cortex, Str = striatum, Hy = hypothalamus, Thal = thalamus, PC = parietal cortex, OC = occipital cortex, Cereb = cerebellum, Mid Brain = midbrain, Pons/Med = pons/medulla

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Maximum IRA uptake in CD-1 mice following IN delivery. Maximum averages (%Inj/g or %Inj/ml) for males (closed bars) and females (open bars) are presented for ( A ) whole brain, ( B ) olfactory bulb, ( C ) neocortex, ( D ) hippocampus, ( E ) hypothalamus (IRA x sex p < 0.05), and ( F ) serum. Within each region, there was a significant difference between IRAs ( p < 0.05). ANOVA within sex: ± p < 0.05 vs. semaglutide, Ψ p < 0.05 vs. dulaglutide, β p < 0.05 vs. DA4-JC, α p < 0.05 vs. DA5-CH. * p < 0.05 as marked within IRA. Exenatide n = 4 M/4F, semaglutide n = 3 M/5F, dulaglutide n = 4 M/4F, DA4-JC n = 4 F/4 M, DA5-CH n = 4 M/4F. M: male, F: female

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Saturability of 125 I/ 14 C-IRA brain uptake following IN delivery in CD-1 mice. 125 I/ 14 C-IRA was co-administered with (lighter bar) or without (darker bar) 1 µg non-radioactive IRA and %Inj/g or %Inj/ml calculated 30 min after delivery for ( A ) whole brain, ( B ) olfactory bulb, ( C ) frontal cortex/striatum, ( D ) hippocampus, ( E ) hypothalamus, and ( F ) serum. Unpaired t-test: * p < 0.05 as marked. Exenatide n = 3 M/2F per group, semaglutide n = 3 M/2F per group, dulaglutide n = 6 M per group, DA4-JC n = 3 M/4F per group, DA5-CH n = 4 M/5F per group. M: male, F: female

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Statistical results (p values) on dulaglutide brain distribution in APP/PS1 mice and WT littermates

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dulaglutide distribution in APP/PS1 male mice and WT littermate males following IN delivery. Distribution in ( A ) whole brain, ( B ) olfactory bulb, ( C ) neocortex (frontal + parietal + occipital), ( D ) hippocampus, ( E ) hypothalamus, and ( F ) serum. ANOVA time * p < 0.05 for all regions; post hoc: b p <0.05 vs. 5 min only in WT; there was no effect due to the AD transgene. See Supp Table for additional statistical differences. n = 3–4/time point/genotype

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dulaglutide distribution in APP/PS1 female mice and WT littermate females following IN delivery. Distribution in ( A ) whole brain, ( B ) olfactory bulb, ( C ) neocortex (frontal + parietal + occipital), ( D ) hippocampus, ( E ) hypothalamus, and ( F ) serum. The ANOVA does not include the 15 min time point. ANOVA time * p < 0.05 for all regions; post hoc: b p <0.05 vs. 5 min, WT or APP/PS1 as indicated. ANOVA genotype and time by genotype in hippocampus p < 0.05; post hoc: # p < 0.05 as marked. See Supp Table for additional statistical differences. n = 3–4/time point/genotype, except n = 0 for 15 min APP/PS1

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Article Title: Comparing regional brain uptake of incretin receptor agonists after intranasal delivery in CD-1 mice and the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01537-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Statistical results (p values) on IRA brain distribution in CD-1 mice

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide was purchased from GLPBIO (Montclair, CA; catalog # GC31520) and semaglutide was purchased from BOC Sciences (Shirley, NY; catalog # B0084-007194).

Techniques:

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Correlation between intestinal flora and GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment—A preliminary longitudinal study

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109784

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: Dulaglutide , VetterPharma-FertigungGmbH & Co.KG , N/A.

Techniques: Recombinant, Sample Prep, Sequencing, Software

Journal: Pharmacoeconomics

Article Title: A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Newer Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Drugs: Trends in Decision-Analytical Models for Modelling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

doi: 10.1007/s40273-023-01268-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Model parameters

Article Snippet: Capel, 2020 [ ] , Spain , Exenatide QW 2 mg 1w vs. dulaglutide 1.5 mg 1w, liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg 1d, lixisenatide 20 mg 1d , AstraZeneca , Healthcare payer , 40 , Discrete event stochastic simulation , Cardiff , None stated , Dual therapy , MET.

Techniques: Comparison, Injection, Filtration, Infection, Cell Counting

Journal: Pharmacoeconomics

Article Title: A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Newer Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Drugs: Trends in Decision-Analytical Models for Modelling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

doi: 10.1007/s40273-023-01268-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cost-effectiveness and uncertainty results

Article Snippet: Capel, 2020 [ ] , Spain , Exenatide QW 2 mg 1w vs. dulaglutide 1.5 mg 1w, liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg 1d, lixisenatide 20 mg 1d , AstraZeneca , Healthcare payer , 40 , Discrete event stochastic simulation , Cardiff , None stated , Dual therapy , MET.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Pharmacoeconomics

Article Title: A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Newer Non-Insulin Antidiabetic Drugs: Trends in Decision-Analytical Models for Modelling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

doi: 10.1007/s40273-023-01268-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: General characteristics of the studies

Article Snippet: Capel, 2020 [ ] , Spain , Exenatide QW 2 mg 1w vs. dulaglutide 1.5 mg 1w, liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg 1d, lixisenatide 20 mg 1d , AstraZeneca , Healthcare payer , 40 , Discrete event stochastic simulation , Cardiff , None stated , Dual therapy , MET.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Placental perfusion and recovery of dulaglutide. Placenta perfusion profiles (A) obtained during human ex vivo placenta perfusion experiments with dulaglutide at two different concentrations (1.9 nM, n = 4; 19.1 nM n = 3). Final recovery (B) of dulaglutide (Dula) and the connectivity control creatinine (884 μM) across all perfusions. Data are shown as mean values ±SD.

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescence visualisation of dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 distribution in human placental villous tissue following ex vivo placenta perfusion. Confocal images of perfused and unperfused placental villous tissues (foetal origin) showing dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 (yellow), the early-endosome marker Rab5 (grey) and DAPI (nuclei, blue). The upper panels display merged channels, while the lower panels show dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 alone. Images represent villous fragments obtained after three independent perfusions with dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 (Perfusion 1–3) and one control perfusion without the study compound (No medication), each performed for 4 h. The corresponding perfusion profiles (shown below) illustrate relative dulaglutide concentration in the maternal and foetal perfusate over 4 h of perfusion.

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Ex Vivo, Marker, Control, Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 and Rab5 co-localisation in perfused placental villous structure. Representative confocal images of placental villi obtained after two ex vivo placenta perfusion experiments with fluorescently labelled dulaglutide (yellow), immunostained for Rab5 (early endosome marker; grey) and counterstained with DAPI (nuclei, blue). Images were acquired at 20x magnification (A,C) and at higher resolution in close-up views of the marked regions at 63x magnification (B1–B3,D1–D3) . Panel show merged channels (B1,D1) as well as individual channels (B2,B3,D2,D3) . White arrowheads indicate sites of co-localisation.

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Marker

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of fluorescently labelled dulaglutide relative to CD34 + foetal vessels in perfused placental villous structures. Representative confocal images of placental villi (foetal origin) obtained after ex vivo placenta perfusion experiments with dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 (yellow). Sections were immunostained for the endothelial cell marker CD34 (cyan), and counterstain with phalloidin (F-actin, grey) and DAPI (nuclei, blue). Images from two independent tissue samples are shown at 63x magnification (A,B) , with individual channels displayed separately. White arrowheads indicate co-localisation sites of dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647 and the endothelial cell marker CD34, red arrowheads sites of no co-localisation.

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Marker

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Corrected apparent permeability of dulaglutide and reference substances across BeWo b30 cell layer. The apparent permeability of dulaglutide was assessed at two concentrations (1.9 nM and 19.1 nM) as well as in its fluorescently labelled form (dulaglutide-AlexaFluor647; 19.1 nM). Creatinine (844 µM) and FITC-dextran (40 kDa, 5 µM) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Permeability was determined after 6 h of incubation and was corrected for diffusion across cell-free inserts. Data represent mean values (n = 3) ± SD.

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Permeability, Incubation, Diffusion-based Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of dulaglutide on human placental explant viability and functionality. Influence of dulaglutide on human placenta explant viability (A) , hormone secretion – hCG (B) and leptin (C) – and glucose consumption and lactate production (D) was investigated over 2 days. Mean concentrations (n = 4) are expressed relatively to control wells treated with culture medium ±SD and compared to control wells (0.49 g/L sodium-citrate).

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Control

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Dulaglutide and pregnancy: a comprehensive safety assessment using the ex vivo placenta perfusion and in vitro models

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1765815

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of dulaglutide on BeWo cells functionality. Influence of dulaglutide on placental hormone secretion – hCG (A) and leptin (B) – and glucose consumption and lactate production (C) was investigated in BeWo cells. Mean concentrations (n = 4 for hormones, n = 6 for glucose/lactate) are expressed relatively to control wells treated with culture medium ±SD and were compared to control wells (0.49 g/L sodium-citrate).

Article Snippet: To assess placental transfer of dulaglutide, perfusions were conducted using dulaglutide (Trulicity®, Eli Lilly) at 1.9 nM and 19.1 nM, corresponding to the maximal plasma concentration (C max ) and 10x C max .

Techniques: Control