Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1 Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by demethylating its promoter and all three DNMTs control RASSF1A expression. A. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO control or 10 μM mahanine for 1 and 3 days. Methylation-specific PCR was performed to detect the methylated (M) and un-methylated (UM) status of RASSF1A promoter. B. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO control or 10 μM mahanine for 1 and 3 days, following which RASSF1A expression was assessed by RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. C. PC3 cells were transfected with shRNA for DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B or scrambled shRNA. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were harvested for RT-PCR analyses to assess RASSF1A expression. GAPDH was used as an internal control. For DNMT3A, two shRNAs were used to confirm the result. D. BPH1 cells were transfected with expression vectors of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B or empty vector control. Forty-eight hours after transfection cells were collected for RT-PCR analyses to determine RASSF1A, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B expression levels. GAPDH was used as an internal control.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Methylation, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Transfection, shRNA, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2 Mahanine specifically down-regulates DNMT1 and DNMT3B. A. DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B cellular localization was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO (as control) or mahanine (10 μM) for 24 hours, following which they were fixed in methanol, incubated with the indicated antibodies, stained with Alexa Fluor 488-tagged secondary antibodies and counterstained with propidium iodide. Slides were then mounted and examined under a fluorescence microscope. The bright field images of PC3 cells treated with DMSO or mahanine (10 μM) for 24 hours are shown (right panel). B. Cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions were separated from PC3 cells treated with DMSO or 10 μM mahanine for 24 hours. The isolated fractions were subjected to Western blot analysis to assess DNMT expression. The fold change in the expression of the respective DNMTs as compared to the control is indicated at the bottom of each immunoblot. Nucleolin and β-actin were used as loading controls for the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively. C. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated as indicated with DMSO or mahanine following which cells were lysed and the extracts were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect DNMT1, DNMT3B and DNMT3A protein levels (left). Quantitative estimations of the relative levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B proteins were determined by densitometric measurements of immunoblots from three independent experiments after normalization with β-actin (right). Columns, mean; bars, SEM. *p < 0.05, significantly different from control. D. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with DMSO or 10 and 20 μM mahanine, respectively for 24 hours. Subsequently, cells were harvested for RT-PCR analysis to measure DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression. GAPDH was used as an internal control.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Staining, Control, Incubation, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Isolation, Western Blot, Expressing, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3 Mahanine degrades DNMTs via the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. A. PC3 cells were treated with 10 μM mahanine and 20 μM Z-VAD-FMK for 24 hours after which cellular protein lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis to detect DNMT1 and DNMT3B protein levels, β-actin was used as a loading control. B. Chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity was measured in PC3 cells treated as indicated with mahanine and MG132 for 24 hours. Columns, mean; bars, SEM. *p < 0.05, significantly different from DMSO control. C. LNCaP and PC3 cells were treated with the indicated doses of mahanine for 24 hours with or without MG132 (5 μM). Cell lysates were analyzed for DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression by Western blot. β-actin was used as a loading control. D. PC3 cells were treated with MG132 (5 μM) in the absence and presence of mahanine (10 μM) for 24 hours. Cell lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation (IP) of DNMT1 or DNMT3B and immunoblotted (IB) for poly-ubiquitin, DNMT1 and DNMT3B.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Western Blot, Control, Activity Assay, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4 Mahanine down-regulates pAkt levels and PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin reduces DNMT1 and DNMT3B protein levels. A. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with mahanine as indicated. The cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis for phospho Akt (pAkt), total Akt. Β-actin was used as a loading control. B. PC3 and LNCaP cells were treated with wortmannin (1 μM) for 24 hours. Cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis to measure DNMT1, DNMT3B, pAkt and total Akt levels. β-actin was used as a loading control. The fold change in expression of the respective proteins compared to control is indicated below. C. PC3 cells were treated with DMSO or wortmannin (1 μM) for 24 hours. DNMT1 and DNMT3B cellular localization was visualized by immunofluorescent staining. After 24h of treatment, cells were fixed in methanol, incubated with the indicated antibodies, stained with Alexa Fluor 594-tagged secondary antibodies and counterstained with DAPI. Slides were then mounted and examined under a fluorescence microscope. The bright field images of PC3 cells treated with DMSO or wortmannin (1 μM) for 24 hours are shown (right panel).

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Expressing, Staining, Incubation, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5 Mahanine disrupts the interaction of pAkt with DNMT1 and DNMT3B and constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt) stabilizes their cellular levels in the presence of mahanine. A. and B. LNCaP cells were treated with MG132 with or without 20 μM mahanine for 24 hours and the cell homogenates were subjected to co-immunoprecipitation (IP) for DNMT1 or DNMT3B and immunoblotted (IB) for phosphor-serine (pSer), pAkt, total Akt, DNMT1 and DNMT3B. C. BPH1 cells were transfected with an empty vector or a constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt) expression vector for 24 hours then were treated with or without mahanine (10 μM) for another 24 hours. Levels of total Akt, pAkt, DNMT1 and DNMT3B proteins were measured through Western blots. β-actin was used as a loading control. Quantitative estimations of relative levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3B proteins were determined by densitometric measurements of immunoblots from three independent experiments after normalization with β-actin. Columns, mean; bars, SEM. *p < 0.05, significantly different from DMSO treated control.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Molecular cancer

Article Title: Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by down-regulating DNMT1 and DNMT3B in prostate cancer cells.

doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-99

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6 Mahanine restores RASSF1A expression by degrading DNMTs via Akt. Prostate cancer cells express high levels of activated Akt, which phosphorylates and stabilizes DNMT1 and DNMT3B against proteasomal degradation. DNMTs enter the nucleus and methylate the promoter of RASSF1A gene to silence the expression of RASSF1A. Treatment of mahanine inhibits PDK1 and thereby prevents activation of Akt, which in turn compromises the stability of DNMTs, increases their ubiquitination and induces proteasomal degradation. In the absence of DNMT1 and DNMT3B, the RASSF1A promoter is demethylated and its expression is restored in prostate cancer cells. GF: Growth factor; RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase; TFs: Transcription factors; P: Phosphorylated; M: Methylated; Ub: Ubiquitinated.

Article Snippet: After blocking (0.2% BSA) cells were incubated with the primary antibodies (DNMT1, DNM T3A or DNMT3B #Sc376043 from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with the Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 conjugated secondary antibodies (Molecular probes/Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour.

Techniques: Expressing, Activation Assay, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Methylation

Journal: Journal of Ovarian Research

Article Title: S-allylcysteine suppresses ovarian cancer cell proliferation by DNA methylation through DNMT1

doi: 10.1186/s13048-018-0412-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Treatment of A2780 cells with SAC or 5-aza-dc for 72 h inhibits DNMT activity and decreases the levels of mRNA and protein expressions of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b. a total DNMT activity in nuclear extracts was determined using the DNMT Activity Assay Kit. Data are presented in terms of percentage versus the results using non-SAC-treated controls, which was assigned a value of 100%, and as means ± SD; n = 3. b Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of mRNA levels of DNMT1 , DNMT3a and DNMT3b in cells. The results are presented as the expression of the individual mRNA with normalization to β-actin and as means ± SD, n = 3. c The levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b in cell lysates were determined using western blot analysis after treating the cells with SAC for 72 h. The treatment groups of 5-aza-dc were used as controls

Article Snippet: Reangents were purchased as follows: RPMI-1640 medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Scientific, South Logan, UT, USA), CCK-8 kits and Hoechst 33,258 (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), Giemsa solution (Solarbio, Beijing, China), BD BioCoatTM BD MatrigelTM Invasion Chambers, Cycletest Plus DNA Reagent and Annexin-V-Fluor Staining Kits (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NY, USA), Gentian violet (Huyu Biotech Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China), Cell Lysis Buffer (Cell signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), PVDF membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), ECL Plus substrate (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA), internal reference antibody against GADPH and primary antibodies against CDKN1A, cell division control 2 (CDC2), and p-CDC2 (Abcam Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA), 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) (Calbiochem, EMD Biosciences, SanDiego, CA), DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b (Imgenec Corporation, San Diego, CA), MethylampTM Global DNA Methylation Quantification Kit and EpiQuik DNMT Activity Assay Kit (Epigentek, New York, NY), Standardized real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for DNMT1 , DNMT3a , DNMT3b , and CDKN1A (SuperArray Biosciences, Fredrick, MD).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Metabolites

Article Title: Lifestyle Intervention Therapy Modulates Global DNA Methylation and Adipogenic Gene Expression in Severely Obese Hypogonadal Men

doi: 10.3390/metabo16030198

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lifestyle ± aromatase inhibitors downregulate DNA methyltransferase ( DNMT ) gene expression in PBMCs. mRNA expression significantly decreased after 12 months of lifestyle intervention compared with baseline for DNMT1 ( p = 0.038) ( a ), DNMT3A ( p = 0.028) ( b ), and DNMT3B ( p < 0.05) ( c ). Data are presented as mean fold change ± SEM.

Article Snippet: FAM-labeled TaqMan gene expression assays (Applied Biosystem, College Station, TX, USA) were used for PPARγ (Assay ID:), CEBPα (Hs00269972_s1:), FTO (Hs01057145_m1), DNMT1 (Hs00945875_m1), DNMT3A (Hs01027162_m1), and DNMT3B (Hs00171876_m1), and a VIC-labeled TaqMan gene expression assay for housekeeping 18S (assay ID: Hs03928990_g1).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation

Article Title: Keratinocytes sense and eliminate CRISPR DNA through STING/IFN-κ activation and APOBEC3G induction

doi: 10.1172/jci159393

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. CRISPR/Cas9-generated keratinocyte KOs have suppressed type I IFN responses and IFNK expression. (A) Decreased IFNK expression and type I IFN response (MX1 expression) in CRISPR/Cas9-generated KO keratinocytes (KCs) (n = 3). (B) Reversal of IFNK expression in CRISPR/Cas9-gener- ated KO KCs after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-dAza-c (n = 3). (C) CpG hypermethylation in the IFNK promoter region in KO KCs (KO 1 and KO 2) compared with nontransfected WT control (n = 8). (D) Western blot of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B in transgenic DNMT1-, DNMT3A-, and DNMT3B-overexpressing KCs (each lane is representative of n = 3 independently transfected KCs [upper panel]). Suppression of IFNK and APOBEC3G mRNA expression in DNMT3B-transgenic KCs (lower panel). (E) DNMT3B mRNA expression in 3D epithelial rafts at different stages of differentiation (n = 3). (F) DNMT3B protein expression is low in the basal layer (arrows) but increases progressively in the more differentiated layers of the epidermis (n = 3). Scale bar: 50 μm. Data in A, B, D, and E are represented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (A and E) or 2-tailed Student’s t test (B and D).

Article Snippet: DNMT1-, DNMT3A-, and DNMT3B-overexpressing KCs were generated by lentiviral transduction of mammalian vectors containing Myc-DDK–tagged human DNMT1 (Origene, NM_001130823), DNMT3A (Origene, NM_175629), and DNMT3B (Origene, NM_006892).

Techniques: CRISPR, Generated, Expressing, Control, Western Blot, Transgenic Assay, Transfection