Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Representative images of zygotene spermatocyte spreads from control and Firrm cKO mice stained for SYCP3, RAD51 and DMC1. Scale bar, 5 µm. b, c. Numbers of RAD51 (b) and DMC1 (c) foci in control and Firrm cKO (b) , and in control, Firrm cKO and Fignl1 cKO spermatocytes (c) . n=2 mice per genotype, except for RAD51 foci in Fignl1 cKO (n=1). d. Representative spreads of zygotene spermatocytes from 16 dpp control, Firrm cKO and Spo11 YF/YF mice stained with SYCP3, SYCP1 and MSH4. Scale bar, 10 µm. e. MSH4 focus density along SYCP1-marked synaptonemal complex fragments in control, Firrm cKO, Spo11 YF/YF Firrm cKO, and Spo11 YF/YF zygotene/zygotene-like spermatocytes. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. n=3 mice per genotype. f. Preleptotene spermatocyte spreads from control and Firrm cKO mice stained for SYCP3, RPA2 (red) and RAD51 (green). Scale bar, 10 µm. g. STED images of preleptotene spermatocyte spreads from control and Firrm cKO mice stained for RAD51 (STAR ORANGE, green) and RPA2 (STAR RED, red). Scale bar, 1 µm. h-i. Number of RAD51 foci that colocalized with RPA2 foci (h) and of RPA2 foci that colocalized with RAD51 (i) in spreads of preleptotene control and Fignl1 cKO spermatocyte nuclei (n=1 mouse per genotype). The observed (obs) and expected by chance (random) numbers of colocalized foci are shown. Mann-Whitney two- tailed test.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Staining, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Representative images of pre-leptotene to late zygotene spermatocyte spreads from control and Firrm cKO mice stained for SYCP3, RAD51 and DMC1. Scale bar, 10 µm. 2b. Spreads of zygotene spermatocytes from 16 dpp control and Firrm cKO mice stained with SYCP3 and TEX11. c. Number of MSH4 foci along SYCP1-marked synaptonemal complex fragments in control, Firrm cKO, Spo11 YF/YF Firrm cKO, and Spo11 YF/YF zygotene or zygotene-like spermatocytes. The number of MSH4 foci varied with the SC length in control and Firrm cKO spermatocytes. The linear regression fit is shown, with the standard error. d. Numbers of off-axis RPA2 foci in control (gray), Firrm cKO and Fignl1 cKO spermatocytes (red). Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. n=3 (control) and n=2 ( Firrm cKO and Fignl1 cKO) mice per genotype. e. Numbers of all and of colocalized RAD51 (green) and RPA2 (red) foci in spreads of preleptotene control and Fignl1 cKO spermatocyte nuclei (n=1 mouse per genotype). The numbers of colocalized foci were corrected for the number of colocalized foci expected by chance (see Methods). Mann-Whitney two-tailed test.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Staining, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-c. Number (a) of on-axis RAD51 foci that colocalized with on-axis DMC1 foci, and vice-versa, in spreads from control and Firrm cKO spermatocytes from 12 dpp mice. The observed (obs) and expected by chance (random) numbers of RAD51 foci that colocalized with DMC1 are shown in (a) . Random, average of 100 simulations where the colocalization of randomly distributed DMC1 foci with actual RPA2 foci was measured. Wilcoxon two-tailed test. b,c. Percentage (corrected for random colocalization, see Methods) of on-axis RAD51 foci colocalized with on-axis DMC1 foci (b) and vice-versa (c) . There were not enough on-axis RAD51 and DMC1 foci in early leptotene control spermatocytes to measure colocalization reliably. Mann- Whitney two-tailed test. d. STED images of spreads of leptotene spermatocyte nuclei stained for SYCP3 (STAR GREEN, white), RAD51 (STAR ORANGE, green), and DMC1 (STAR RED, red). e. STED images of spreads of zygotene/zygotene-like spermatocyte nuclei with extensive synaptonemal complexes, stained for SYCP3 (STAR 460L, white), RAD51 (STAR RED, red) and DMC1 (STAR ORANGE, green). f. Relative intensity of SYCP3 (black), RAD51 (red) and DMC1 (green) signal across the synaptonemal complex in control (across RAD51-DMC1 mixed foci) and Firrm cKO (outside regions of stronger focus- like RAD51-DMC1 staining). Data are the mean of 12 sections from STED images of 3 different nuclei.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Staining

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Number of on-axis DMC1 foci colocalized with on-axis RAD51 foci from early leptotene to mid-zygotene/zygotene-like stage in control and Firrm cKO spread spermatocyte nuclei from 12 dpp mice. The observed (obs) and expected by chance (random) numbers of RAD51 foci colocalized with DMC1 are shown. obs, number of detected colocalized foci. Random, average of 100 simulations where the colocalization of randomly distributed RAD51 foci with actual RPA2 foci was measured. Wilcoxon two-tailed test . b, c. Number of off-axis RAD51 foci colocalized with off-axis DMC1 foci (b) and number of off-axis DMC1 foci colocalized with off-axis RAD51 foci (c) from preleptotene to mid-zygotene/zygotene-like in spread spermatocyte nuclei from 12 dpp control and Firrm cKO mice. d, e . Percentage of RAD51 foci colocalized with DMC1 (d) , and of DMC1 foci colocalized with RAD51 (e) , corrected for random colocalization. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Spreads of representative control, Firrm cKO, Spo11 YF/YF Firrm cKO, and Spo11 YF/YF early zygotene spermatocytes stained for SYCP3, DMC1 and RAD51. Scale bar, 10 µm. b-c. Counts of on-axis RAD51 (b) and DMC1 (c) foci in spreads from control, Firrm cKO, Spo11 YF/YF Firrm cKO, and Spo11 YF/YF spermatocytes from 12 dpp mice. Foci overlapping with (on-axis, top panels) or outside chromosome axes, defined by the SYCP3 signal, were counted separately. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. n=2 mice per genotype.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Staining, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-f . Numbers of off-axis RAD51 (a) and DMC1 (b) foci for control, Firrm cKO, Spo11 YF/YF Firrm cKO, and Spo11 YF/YF spermatocyte spreads. n=2 mice per genotype. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test c-f. Number (c-d) and percentage (corrected for random colocalization) (e-f), of on-axis RAD51 foci colocalized with on-axis DMC1 foci (c,e) and vice-versa (d,f), from early leptotene to mid- zygotene/zygotene-like on spread from spermatocytes of 12 dpp control, Firrm cKO, Spo11 YF/YF Firrm cKO, and Spo11 YF/YF mice. n=2 mice per genotype.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-b . Number of on-axis DMC1 foci colocalized with on-axis RPA2 foci on spreads from early leptotene to mid-zygotene/zygotene-like spermatocyte nuclei from control and Firrm cKO mice. The observed (obs) and expected by chance (random) numbers of DMC1 foci colocalized with RPA2 are shown in (a) , while the counts are corrected for the number expected by chance in (b) . obs, number of detected colocalizing foci. Random, average of 100 simulations where the colocalization of randomly distributed DMC1 foci with actual RPA2 foci was measured. Wilcoxon two-tailed test (a) . Mann- Whitney two-tailed test (b) . c-f. Number (c-d) and percentages (e-f) of on-axis DMC1 foci colocalized with on-axis RPA2 foci on spreads from early leptotene to mid-zygotene/zygotene-like spermatocyte nuclei from control and Fignl1 cKO mice. The observed (obs) and expected by chance (random) counts of DMC1 foci colocalized with RPA2 are shown in (c) , while the counts were corrected for the number expected by chance in (d) . obs, number of observed colocalizing foci. Random, average of 100 simulations where the colocalization of randomly distributed on-axis DMC1 foci with actual on-axis RPA2 foci was measured. Wilcoxon two-tailed test. e, f . Percentage (corrected for random colocalization) of DMC1 foci colocalized with RPA2 (e) , and of RPA2 foci colocalized with DMC1 (f) . Mann-Whitney two-tailed test.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-b. Percentages of on-axis RPA2 foci colocalized with on-axis DMC1 foci (a) , and of DMC1 foci colocalized with RPA2 (b) in spreads from early leptotene to mid-zygotene/zygotene-like spermatocyte nuclei from control and Firrm cKO mice. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. c. Numbers of and shared hotspots identified by DMC1-SSDS in spermatocytes from 12 dpp control and Firrm cKO mice. d . DMC1-SSDS signal correlation between control and Firrm cKO mice at hotspots identified in both genotypes. The Spearman rho and associated p-value (two-sided) are shown. Red and green dots indicate hotspots that were significantly over- and under-represented in Firrm cKO compared with control spermatocytes (DESeq2, p-value <0.1, log2FC >0 and log2FC <0, respectively). Unchanged autosomal hotspots are represented in gray and chromosome X hotspots by black circled diamonds. e . Average plots (top) and corresponding heatmaps (bottom) of DMC1-SSDS intensity (fragments per million, FPM) in control (left) and Firrm cKO mice (right) for hotspots that overlap with SPO11-oligo hotspots detected in both genotypes (common peaks), in control only (control-specific), or in Firrm cKO only ( Firrm cKO-specific)(see ). The center of intervals is defined as the center of SPO11-oligo peaks detected in B6 mice, as defined in (Lange, 2016). f. Normalized average distribution of ssDNA type 1 fragments (see Methods) originating from forward (fwd) and reverse strands (rev) at common peaks, defined in (e) , for control (red, orange) and Firrm cKO (blue, light blue). The SSDS signal was normalized to have the same cumulated amount of normalized signal from both forward and reverse strands over common peaks (on 5-kb windows) for both genotypes.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Spreads of control, Firrm cKO, Swsap1 -/- Firrm cKO, and Swsap1 -/- early zygotene spermatocytes stained for SYCP3 (gray), RAD51 (yellow) and RPA2 (magenta). Scale bar, 10 µm. b-d. Numbers of on-axis RPA2 (b) , RAD51 (c) and DMC1 (d) foci in spreads from control, Fignl1 cKO, and Swsap1 -/- Fignl1 cKO spermatocytes from 17 dpp mice. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. n=1 mouse per genotype. e-f. Percentage of on-axis RPA2 foci colocalized with on-axis RAD51 (e) or DMC1 (f) foci on spreads from control, Fignl1 cKO, and Swsap1 -/- Fignl1 cKO spermatocytes from 17dpp mice. The numbers of colocalized foci were corrected for the numbers expected by chance (see Methods).

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, Staining, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-c . Numbers of off-axis RPA2 (a) , RAD51 (b) and DMC1 (c) foci detected on spermatocyte spreads from 17 dpp control, Fignl1 cKO, and Swsap1 -/- Fignl1 cKO mice. Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. n=1 mouse per genotype. d-g. Numbers (d-e) or percentages (f-g) of on-axis RAD51 (d,f) , and DMC1 (e,g) foci colocalized with on-axis RPA2 foci in spermatocyte spreads from 17 dpp control, Fignl1 cKO, and Swsap1 -/- Fignl1 cKO mice. The numbers of colocalized foci were corrected to the number expected by chance (see Methods). Mann-Whitney two-tailed test. n=1 mouse per genotype.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Numbers and overlap of hotspots identified by DMC1-SSDS in spermatocytes from 12 dpp control and Firrm cKO mice, and of SPO11-oligo hotspots detected in C57BL/6J mice in . b-c . Average plots (top) and corresponding heatmaps (bottom) of DMC1-SSDS signal in control and Firrm cKO mice (2 biological replicates/each), at all common, control-specific, and Firrm cKO-specific DMC1 hotspots identified in our analysis (b) , and at hotspots overlapping with SPO11-oligo hotspots detected in C57BL/6J mice (c) . In (c) , the center of the intervals was the center of SPO11-oligo peaks detected in B6 mice, as defined in (Lange, 2016). d. Average DMC1-SSDS signal distribution at common DMC1 hotspots, defined in (c) , at autosomal hotspots (left panel) and at X and Y chromosome hotspots (right panel), for control (blue) and Firrm cKO (red). The DMC1-SSDS signal was normalized to have the same total amount of normalized signal for all common hotspots (on 5-kb windows) in both genotypes. The relative excess of DMC1-SSDS signal at X-Y chromosome hotspots in control is clear. e. Average plots of DMC1-SSDS signal intensity (in FPM) at common hotspots defined in (c) , ranked within 5 bins of decreasing intensity.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a-b. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). 1 µM RAD51 or DMC1 was incubated (20 minutes) with 3 µM (in nucleotides - nt) of a Cy5-labeled 400 nt-long ssDNA fragment (a) or a Cy5- labeled 200 bp-long dsDNA fragment (b) with or without 1.6 µM human FIGNL1ΔN ± human FIRRM. For the pre-formed nucleofilament panels, RAD51 or DMC1 was incubated with DNA for 5 minutes before adding FIGNL1ΔN ±FIRRM for 15 minutes. For the no pre-formed filament panels, RAD51 or DMC1 was added to the reaction concomitantly with FIGNL1ΔN ±FIRRM. c. Quantification of free dsDNA in the EMSA performed with dsDNA and without pre-formed nucleofilament shown in (b) . d-f . Representative TEM images in positive (d) and negative staining (e) and length distribution (f) of RAD51 filaments assembled on 400 nt-long ssDNA fragments (ss400) without (left, ss400-RAD51) or with human FIGNL1ΔN and FIRRM (right, ss400-RAD51 FF). Some very long filaments (>450nm) that formed in the presence of FIGNL1ΔN (d) were not included in the quantification in (f) (see ). g-i . FIGNL1ΔN inhibits the formation of a D-loop by RAD51 and DMC1 in vitro . Representative gel (RAD51 in the presence of increasing concentrations of FIGNL1ΔN + FIRRM, from 0.4 to 1.6 µM) (g) . Titration of FIGNL1ΔN (h) and FIGNL1ΔN+FIRRM (i) in the D-loop assay (titration of FIRRM alone is displayed in ). j. Model for possible (and non-exclusive) roles of the FIGNL1- FIRRM complex in regulating RAD51 and DMC1 in mouse spermatocytes. (i) The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex may limit the nuclear RAD51 level by sequestering a cytoplasmic RAD51 pool, possibly by promoting RAD51 polymerization, thus preventing its mobilization by BRCA2. (ii) The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex might prevent the stabilization of transient dsDNA-RAD51 association at replication forks during premeiotic replication. (iii) In meiotic recombination, the FIGNL1-FIRRM complex might first promote indirectly the polymerization of a continuous DMC1 filament on the meiotic DSB 3’ ssDNA overhang by preventing the loading of stable RAD51 patches on the 3’ region of the ssDNA tails. This would allow the 5’ to 3’ polymerization of DMC1 (arrows) up to the 3’ ends. A factor (e.g. the SWSAP1- SWS1-SPIDR complex) may protect the RAD51 filament from FIGNL1-FIRRM-dependent dissociation in the dsDNA-proximal region of ssDNA tails. The shorter/patchy DMC1 filament formed in the absence of the FIGL1-FIRRM complex might not be fully functional for homology search, strand invasion and D- loop stabilization. The FIGNL1-FLIP complex might also be involved in post-strand invasion, to remove RAD51/DMC1 from invading ends involved in intersister or interhomolog interactions.

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Incubation, Labeling, Negative Staining, In Vitro, Titration, Functional Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: The FIGNL1-FIRRM complex is required to complete meiotic recombination in the mouse and prevents massive DNA damage-independent RAD51 and DMC1 loading

doi: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541096

Figure Lengend Snippet: a. Length distribution of RAD51 filaments formed on 400 bp dsDNA fragments in the presence of 1.6 µM human FIGNL1ΔN, 1.6 µM human FIRRM, or both (FF). Note the presence of >450nm-long filaments when FIGNL1ΔN is present that were not included in the quantification shown in . b. Representative TEM images of RAD51 in the presence of ATP but in the absence of DNA (negative staining; left), and in presence of human FIGNL1ΔN and FIRRM (FF) (negative staining, top right panel; and positive staining, bottom right panel). Note the presence of long filaments despite the absence of DNA. c. Representative TEM images (negative staining) of DMC1 filaments assembled on a 400bp dsDNA fragment without (left) or with human FIGNL1ΔN and FIRRM (FF) (right). d . Length distribution of the RAD51 or DMC1 filaments assembled on 400bp-long dsDNA fragments (ds400) without (ds400-RAD51, ds400-DMC1) or with human FIGNL1ΔN and FIRRM (ds400-RAD51 FF, ds400- DMC1 FF). e. FIRRM titration in the D-loop assay (titrations of FIGNL1ΔN and FIGNL1ΔN+FIRRM are shown in ).

Article Snippet: DMC1 ChIP-SSDS and library preparation were performed as described in using a goat anti-DMC1 antibody (0.5 mg/ml; Santa Cruz, reference C-20).

Techniques: Negative Staining, Staining, Titration

Journal: BMC Genomics

Article Title: Suppression of genetic recombination in the pseudoautosomal region and at subtelomeres in mice with a hypomorphic Spo11 allele

doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-493

Figure Lengend Snippet: The number of meiotic DSBs is reduced in Gal4BD-Spo11 males. Chromosomal spreads from earlier (zygotene) and later (pachytene) stage spermatocytes were immunostained with antibodies to the DMC1 protein (red) to indicate the appearance and repair of DSBs in wild type mice and mice carrying one or two Gal4BD-Spo11 alleles. Chromosome cores were stained with antibodies to the axial element component SCP3 (green), and progression of homologous synapsis was monitored with antibodies to the component of the central element of the synaptonemal complex SCP1 (white).

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-DMC1 antibodies to a full-length protein were generated by New England Peptide and affinity purified.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: BMC Genomics

Article Title: Suppression of genetic recombination in the pseudoautosomal region and at subtelomeres in mice with a hypomorphic Spo11 allele

doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-493

Figure Lengend Snippet: The number of meiotic DSBs is reduced in Gal4BD-Spo11 females. Chromosomal spreads from E15.5 ovaries were immunostained with antibodies to the DMC1 (red) and SCP3 (green) proteins.

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-DMC1 antibodies to a full-length protein were generated by New England Peptide and affinity purified.

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Genomics

Article Title: Suppression of genetic recombination in the pseudoautosomal region and at subtelomeres in mice with a hypomorphic Spo11 allele

doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-493

Figure Lengend Snippet: Estimate of the number of meiotic DSBs in Gal4BD-Spo11 mice. A . The number of DMC1 foci in spermatocytes. B . The number of DMC1 foci in oocytes. The number of analyzed cells is indicated within the bars. The foci were counted at late zygotene stage.

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-DMC1 antibodies to a full-length protein were generated by New England Peptide and affinity purified.

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Genomics

Article Title: Suppression of genetic recombination in the pseudoautosomal region and at subtelomeres in mice with a hypomorphic Spo11 allele

doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-493

Figure Lengend Snippet: The list of samples used in this study

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-DMC1 antibodies to a full-length protein were generated by New England Peptide and affinity purified.

Techniques: