Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: In vivo controlled release of fenretinide from long-acting release depots for chemoprevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma recurrence

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.037

Figure Lengend Snippet: a) In vivo release of 4HPR from CR PLGA millicylinders vs . that from water soluble matrix PVA/sucrose implants with and without solubilizers. The PLGA implants contained 20% 4HPR + 15% MgCO 3 + 1% PVP + 20% NaDC or CaDC, while the PVA/sucrose implants contained either 20% 4HPR or additional solubilizer and crystallization inhibitor (20% NaDC + 1% PVP). b) Implant images prior to harvesting from rat SC tissue on day 28 (yellow represents 4HPR). C) In vivo release of sodium and calcium deoxycholate (DC − ) from PLGA millicylinders. ( mean ± SE, n = 3).

Article Snippet: Excipients used were sodium deoxycholate, (NaDC, 99% pure, Acros), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30, 40 kDa, BASF), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4M, Dow Chemical, Midland, MI), and β-CD (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: In Vivo, Crystallization Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: All-trans retinoic acid-incorporated nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran for treatment of CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S40580

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of RA incorporated DexDA-2 nanoparticles on the invasion ( A ) and MMP-2 expression ( B ) of CT26 tumor cells. Notes: Serum free media was treated for control. CT26 cells were exposed to empty nanoparticles, All-trans retinoic acid (RA), and RA-incorporated nanoparticles of DexDA-2 (NP) for 24h. After that, cells were trypsinized, washed with PBS, and seeded onto upper chamber (primarily coated with Matrigel) to invade. Abbreviations: RA, all- trans retinoic acid; DexDA, deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran; EN10, empty nanoparticles of DexDA-2, 10 μg/mL; EN100, empty nanoparticles of DexDA-2, 100 μg/mL; RA1, RA 1 μg/mL; RA10, RA 10 μg/mL; RA20, RA 20 μg/mL; RA50, RA 50 μg/mL; NP1, RA-incorporated nanoparticles of DexDA-2 (RA dose 1 μg/mL); NP10, RA-incorporated nanoparticles of DexDA-2 (RA dose 10 μg/mL); NP20, RA-incorporated nanoparticles of DexDA-2 (RA dose 20 μg/mL); NP50, RA-incorporated nanoparticles of DexDA-2 (RA dose 50 μg/mL); MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinases-2.

Article Snippet: Materials Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (average molecular weights 38,900), RA, deoxycholic acid (DA), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and 4-(N ,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: All-trans retinoic acid-incorporated nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran for treatment of CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S40580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intrinsic cytotoxicity of empty nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran (DexDA) against RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Notes: For intrinsic cytotoxicity of empty nanoparticles of DexDA conjugates, 3 × 10 4 RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells were seeded in 96-well plates and exposed to empty DexDA nanoparticles. All treatment was incubated for 2 days. The viability of cells was evaluated by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, as described in the Materials and methods section.

Article Snippet: Materials Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (average molecular weights 38,900), RA, deoxycholic acid (DA), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and 4-(N ,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Incubation, MTT Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: All-trans retinoic acid-incorporated nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran for treatment of CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S40580

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effect of RA-incorporated DexDA-2 nanoparticles on the proliferation of CT26 tumor cells. Abbreviations: RA, all- trans retinoic acid; DexDA, deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran; NP, RA-incorporated nanoparticles of DexDA-2; empty NP, empty nanoparticles of DexDA-2.

Article Snippet: Materials Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (average molecular weights 38,900), RA, deoxycholic acid (DA), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and 4-(N ,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: All-trans retinoic acid-incorporated nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran for treatment of CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S40580

Figure Lengend Snippet: Particle-size changes according to the drug content in the nanoparticles ( A ) and substitution degree (DS) of deoxycholic acid in the deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran (DexDA) conjugates ( B ).

Article Snippet: Materials Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (average molecular weights 38,900), RA, deoxycholic acid (DA), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and 4-(N ,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: All-trans retinoic acid-incorporated nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran for treatment of CT26 colorectal carcinoma cells

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S40580

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A and B ) RA release from DexDA nanoparticles. ( A ) The effect of drug content in the nanoparticles; ( B ) effect of substitution degree of deoxycholic acid in the conjugates. Notes: * P

Article Snippet: Materials Dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (average molecular weights 38,900), RA, deoxycholic acid (DA), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), and 4-(N ,N -dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives

Article Title: Persistent Organic Pollutants Modify Gut Microbiota–Host Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation

doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409055

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bile acid metabolism in animals treated with vehicle or TCDF (24 μg/kg). Abbreviations: CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; DCA, deoxycholic acid; G, glycine-conjugated; LCA, lithocholic acid; MCA, muricholic acid; NS, not significant; T, taurine-conjugated species; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid. Quantification of specific bile acids levels in intestinal tissue ( A,B ) and feces ( C,D ) throughout the enterohepatic circulation of Ahr +/+ mice. ( E ) Quantification of total bile acids in liver, intestine, cecum, and feces of Ahr +/+ mice; the bile acid profile in the small intestine shows the data from jejunum segment. qPCR analysis of Fgf15 , Fxr, and Shp mRNAs in the ileum ( F ) and Fxr and Shp mRNA expression in the liver ( G ) of Ahr +/+ and Ahr –/– mice. ( H ) qPCR analysis of Cyp7a1 , Cyp8b1 , Cyp27a1 , Akr1d1, and Cyp7b1 mRNAs in the liver of Ahr +/+ mice. ( I – K ) mRNA encoding bile acid transporters involved in taurine biosynthesis and bile acid conjugation in the ileum ( I ), and mRNA encoding bile acid transporters in the distal liver ( J ) and ileum ( K ) of vehicle- and TCDF-treated Ahr +/+ mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6/group. See also Supplemental Material, Tables S1 and S2. * p

Article Snippet: External bile acid standards, including cholic acid (CA), lithocholic acid (LCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), α-muricholic acid (αMCA), β-muricholic acid (βMCA), ω-muricholic acid (ωMCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauro chenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid (TαMCA), and tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Techniques: Mouse Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Conjugation Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Preparation and in vivo evaluation of an orally available enteric-microencapsulated parathyroid hormone (1-34)-deoxycholic acid nanocomplex

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S110573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative longitudinal cross-sectional images of proximal rat tibiae stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H E) that were either sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with various modes. Notes: Cross-sectional images were either SHAM ( A ) or OVX ( B ). The treatment modes were once-daily subcutaneous injection of 10 μg kg −1 rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH-SC) ( C ) or once-daily oral administration of 50 μg kg −1 rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH-ORAL) ( D ), rhPTH (1-34)/Lys-DOCA complex as 50 μg kg −1 of rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH/LysDOCA-ORAL) ( E ), or enteric-microparticles containing rhPTH (1-34)/Lys-DOCA nanocomplex as 50 μg kg −1 of rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH/LysDOCA-MP-ORAL) ( F ) for 12 weeks (n=10 for each group). Scale bar =200 μm. Abbreviations: PTH, parathyroid hormone; recombinant human PTH; LysDOCA, lysine-linked deoxycholic acid.

Article Snippet: N -Methylmorpholine, deoxycholic acid (DOCA), ethyl chloroformate, N ε -Boc-l -lysine methyl ester hydrochloride (H-Lys(Boc)-OMe·HCl), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) were from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Injection, Recombinant

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Preparation and in vivo evaluation of an orally available enteric-microencapsulated parathyroid hormone (1-34)-deoxycholic acid nanocomplex

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S110573

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative 2D and 3D images of the distal rat tibiae that were either sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with various modes. Notes: Distal rat tibiae were either SHAM ( A ) or OVX ( B ). The treatment modes were once-daily subcutaneous injection of 10 μg kg −1 rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH-SC) ( C ) or once-daily oral administration of 50 μg kg −1 rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH-ORAL) ( D ), rhPTH (1-34)/Lys-DOCA complex as 50 μg kg −1 of rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH/LysDOCA-ORAL) ( E ), or enteric-microparticles containing rhPTH (1-34)/Lys-DOCA nanocomplex as 50 μg kg −1 of rhPTH (1-34) (OVX-PTH/LysDOCA-MP-ORAL) ( F ) for 12 weeks (n=10 for each group). Abbreviations: PTH, parathyroid hormone; recombinant human PTH; LysDOCA, lysine-linked deoxycholic acid.

Article Snippet: N -Methylmorpholine, deoxycholic acid (DOCA), ethyl chloroformate, N ε -Boc-l -lysine methyl ester hydrochloride (H-Lys(Boc)-OMe·HCl), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) were from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Injection, Recombinant

Journal: Autophagy

Article Title: Inhibition of TRAF6 ubiquitin-ligase activity by PRDX1 leads to inhibition of NFKB activation and autophagy activation

doi: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1474995

Figure Lengend Snippet: PRDX1 negatively regulates bactericidal activity and cancer progression in vitro . (A and B) Control (Ctrl) and PRDX1 KD THP-1 cells were infected with Salmonella wild type (14028s strain) at a multiplicity of infection of 10 bacteria/cell as described in Methods. Cells were lysed with 0.5% deoxycholate in Dulbecco’s PBS. Bacteria were diluted (x 50) and plated onto LB agar. The number of colonies was counted and presented ( A ). The number of colonies at T = 0 was presented as an average of both cell lines (control and PRDX1 KD cells). Percentage survival was obtained by dividing the number of bacteria recovered after 6 h (T6) or 12 h (T12) by the number of bacteria present at time 0 (T0) and multiplying by 100 ( B ). All error bars represent mean ±SEM of 3 independent experiments. * p

Article Snippet: An aliquot of the harvested cell population was centrifuged and macrophages were lysed by 0.5% deoxycholate (Sigma, D6750) in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (Sigma, D8537).

Techniques: Activity Assay, In Vitro, Infection

Journal: Biochemistry

Article Title: NMR characterization of the interaction of the Salmonella type III secretion system protein SipD and bile salts

doi: 10.1021/bi100335u

Figure Lengend Snippet: Weighted chemical shift difference (Δδ HN ) of the 1 H and 15 N resonances of SipD 39–343 when titrated with (A) deoxycholate, (B) taurodeoxycholate and (C) chenodeoxycholate (Δδ HN = [½ (δ H 2 + 1/25δ

Article Snippet: For NMR chemical shift mapping, 2D 1 H-15 N TROSY-HSQC ( ) spectra were acquired using 15 N-labeled SipD39–343 that was titrated with varying amounts of deoxycholate (Amresco), chenodeoxycholate (Sigma), taurodeoxycholate (Sigma) or cholate hydrate (Sigma).

Techniques:

Journal: Biochemistry

Article Title: NMR characterization of the interaction of the Salmonella type III secretion system protein SipD and bile salts

doi: 10.1021/bi100335u

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Overlay of four 2D 1 H- 15 N TROSY spectra of [ 2 H, 15 N, 13 C]-labeled SipD 39–343 with increasing amounts of deoxycholate. Some of the assignments are indicated as well as the noise peaks (*). (B) Expanded regions of the 2D 1 H- 15 N TROSY spectra for

Article Snippet: For NMR chemical shift mapping, 2D 1 H-15 N TROSY-HSQC ( ) spectra were acquired using 15 N-labeled SipD39–343 that was titrated with varying amounts of deoxycholate (Amresco), chenodeoxycholate (Sigma), taurodeoxycholate (Sigma) or cholate hydrate (Sigma).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Biochemistry

Article Title: NMR characterization of the interaction of the Salmonella type III secretion system protein SipD and bile salts

doi: 10.1021/bi100335u

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ribbon representation of the crystal structure of SipD 39–343 (to be reported elsewhere). The side chains of residues that showed significant chemical shift perturbation (Δδ HN > 0.03) with deoxycholate were colored red (legend:

Article Snippet: For NMR chemical shift mapping, 2D 1 H-15 N TROSY-HSQC ( ) spectra were acquired using 15 N-labeled SipD39–343 that was titrated with varying amounts of deoxycholate (Amresco), chenodeoxycholate (Sigma), taurodeoxycholate (Sigma) or cholate hydrate (Sigma).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Multifunctional Composite Microcapsules for Oral Delivery of Insulin

doi: 10.3390/ijms18010054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagram of the preparation of multifunctional composite microcapsules. Ins-SD complex, insulin-sodium deoxycholate complex; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; PLGA, poly(lactide- co -glycolide); NPs, nanoparticles, HP55, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate.

Article Snippet: Sodium deoxycholate and poly(lactic-co -glycolic acid) (PLGA 75/25, molecular weight of 20 kDa) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Proto-oncogene Activity of Melanoma Antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) Regulates Retinoblastoma-related p107 and E2F1 Proteins *

doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.468579

Figure Lengend Snippet: MAGE-A11 interacts with p107 and Rb but not p130. pCMV-FLAG (−), pCMV-FLAG-MAGE, or FLAG-MAGE-(112–429) (5 μg) was expressed in COS1 cells with 5 μg of CMV-p107 ( A ), pCMV-hRb ( B ), or pcDNA3-p130 ( C ). Cells were incubated for 24 h in serum-free medium containing 0.1 μg/ml EGF and harvested in immunoprecipitation lysis buffer without deoxycholate or glycerol. Cell extracts (50 μg of protein/lane, right ) and immunoprecipitates ( IP , left ) were probed using p107, Rb, p130, and MAGE-A11 antibodies. Arrows , p107, Rb, p130, FLAG-MAGE, and IgG.

Article Snippet: Immunoblots of extracts from COS1 cells (2 × 106 cells/10-cm dish, 7 × 105 cells/6-cm dish) transfected using DEAE-dextran were prepared in immunoblot lysis buffer containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.15 m NaCl, 2 m m EDTA, 50 m m NaF, 2 m m sodium vanadate, 50 m m Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 m m phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 m m dithiothreitol, and protease inhibitors (Roche Applied Science).

Techniques: Incubation, Immunoprecipitation, Lysis

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Chitosan-Coated Flexible Liposomes Magnify the Anticancer Activity and Bioavailability of Docetaxel: Impact on Composition

doi: 10.3390/molecules24020250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Zeta potentials of docetaxel (DXT)-loaded (5 mg/mL) liposomes and chitosomes. The data are expressed as means ± SD, n = 3. CL—conventional liposome; FL—flexible liposome; T—Tween-80; DP—dicetyl phosphate; NDC—sodium deoxycholate; C—chitosan-coated (0.5 mg/mL).

Article Snippet: Sodium deoxycholate, methanol, and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co., (Hampton, NH, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Methods (San Diego, Calif.)

Article Title: Functional Microbiomics: Evaluation of Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Metabolism Interactions in Health and Disease

doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.028

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity assay. Taurodeoxycholic acid was used as the substrate for the enzyme assay, and results are therefore expressed as rate of deoxycholic acid formation (* p

Article Snippet: Faecal protein incubated with phosphate-buffered saline served as a negative control, and faecal protein incubated with varying concentrations of deoxycholic acid (Merck) was used to establish a standard curve to quantify precipitate formation.

Techniques: Enzyme Activity Assay, Enzymatic Assay