Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Iso-α-Acids, Bitter Components in Beer, Suppress Inflammatory Responses and Attenuate Neural Hyperactivation in the Hippocampus

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00081

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of iso-α-acids on 5 × FAD Alzheimer’s disease model mice after disease onset. (A,C) , 5 × FAD mice were orally administered with 0 or 1 mg/kg iso-α-acids for 7 days, and the levels of TNF-α (A) , MIP-1α (B) and IL-12p40 (C) in the hippocampus was measured, respectively. (D,E) The levels of TBS soluble (D) or TBS insoluble and TBS-T soluble (E) Aβ 1-42 in the hippocampus, respectively. (F,G) On days 6 and 7 of administration, 5 × FAD mice were subjected to the novel object recognition test. The time spent exploring novel and familiar objects during 5 min of re-exploration was measured (F) . The discrimination index = [time spent with object A – time spent with object B]/[total time exploring both objects] is shown (G) . Data are mean ± SE of 10 mice (wild type mice) and 8 mice (5 × FAD mice per group). p -Values were calculated by Student’s t -test (D–G) and one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer test (A–C) . ∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗ p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After the test, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed and homogenized in TBS buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (BioVision, CA, United States).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Iso-α-Acids, Bitter Components in Beer, Suppress Inflammatory Responses and Attenuate Neural Hyperactivation in the Hippocampus

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00081

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of iso-α-acids on J20 Alzheimer’s disease model mice. (A,B) J20 mice were orally administered with 0 or 1 mg/kg iso-α-acids for 7 days. The levels of MIP-1α (A) and TBS soluble Aβ 1-42 in the hippocampus was measured, respectively. (C) Coronal brain sections from wild type mice (left), J20 mice without iso-α-acids (middle), and J20 mice treated with iso-α-acids (right), all of which were 12 months old. Relative MRI signal intensities, after normalization to the mean signal intensity in the whole brain, are depicted (see color spectrum scale bar). (D) Coronal brain sections showing the differences of signal intensities J20 mice between wild type mice and J20 mice without iso-α-acids (left), and between wild type mice and J20 mice with iso-α-acids (right). (E) Normal intensities of hippocampus data are mean ± SE of seven mice (wild type mice), eight mice [IAA(–) J20 mice], and five mice [IAA(+) J20 mice]. p -Values shown in the graph were calculated by Student’s t -test (B) and one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer test (A,E) . ∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗ p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After the test, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed and homogenized in TBS buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (BioVision, CA, United States).

Techniques:

Journal: Cancer Research

Article Title: Tissue Factor Regulation by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions: Effect on Tumor Initiation and Angiogenesis

doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2067

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. Changes in TF expression associated with multilineage differentiation of cancer cells in vivo. A, the majority of cells within the tumor mass were human cancer cells, as determined by staining with an antibody directed against human (tumor) cell nuclear antigen (green). Tumors grown in YFP/SCID mice were double-stained using anti-TF (human cancer cells, green) and anti-GFP (host, red) antibodies. Infiltration of YFP-positive host cells in A431 tumors is minimal (<10%) and many stroma-poor tumor regions remain negative for TF. Immunofluorescence staining of cytokeratin (red) reveals highly keratinized pearl structures within these tumors. B, some tumor cells have lost their epithelial phenotype and express the mesenchymal marker vimentin (green), indicative of cells undergoing EMT. H&E staining depicts which regions of the tumor are likely to express vimentin and undergo EMT (tumor periphery) and those that retain their epithelial phenotype and differentiate along an epithelial pathway (central tumor). Arrowhead, a keratin pearl. Cytokeratin immunofluorescence (red) shows regions of the tumor that have undergone epithelial differentiation. C, comparative Western blot analysis between A431 cells maintained in culture and those grown as tumors. A global decrease in TF protein levels were observed in tumors. Changes in EGFR were unremarkable whereas the expression of E-cadherin is reduced and the extracellular region is cleaved, leaving an 80 kDa protein that is unable to make cell-cell contacts. Consistent with this loss of E-cadherin and epithelial phenotype, some tumor regions express vimentin, whereas other regions of these tumors remain epithelial and express high levels of cytokeratin. Bars, 100 AM.

Article Snippet: All other tissue staining was performed on 4-Am paraffin sections which were incubated overnight at 4jC with the respective primary antibodies following heat antigen retrieval; except for cytokeratin (Novus Biological, Inc.) staining which required proteolytic digestion prior to a 60 min incubation with the prediluted antibody at room temperature.

Techniques: Expressing, In Vivo, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Western Blot