Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Pilot trials for TCA, INT-747, GU, SBI-115 and INT-777 treatments. A–B: the level of hepatic TG and T-CHO in fish intraperitoneally injected (once, twice, or three times) with TCA at doses of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 (n = 3). C–F: the level of hepatic TG and T-CHO in fish intraperitoneally injected with obeticholic acid, guggulsterone, SBI-115 and INT-777 (n = 3). TCA: taurocholic acid, TG: triglycerides, T-CHO: total cholesterol.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of representative oil red O stained histological liver sections in 200 × magnification. e: lipid droplets. The lipid droplets are stained red and the nuclei are stained blue. I-TCA group: fish injected with TCA; I-T747 group: fish injected with TCA and obeticholic acid; I-TGU group: fish injected with TCA and guggulsterone. I-TSBI group: fish injected with TCA and SBI-115; I-T777 group: fish injected with TCA and INT-777.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Staining, Injection

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. The levels of biochemical parameters and activities of enzymes induced by an agonist or antagonist of FXR. A: the relative expression of the fxr gene normalized to 18 s and β-actin (n = 6). B: the lipid content (% of wet matter) in the liver (n = 3). C: the results of the integrated optical density analysis of oil-red O stained sections (n = 3). D–G: the activities of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and the contents of HDL (lipoprotein cholesterol) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) in serum (n = 3). H–N: the contents of TG, T-CHO, and the activities of ATGL (triglyceride lipase), CPT1 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1), ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), and FAS (fatty acid synthase) and LPS (lipase) in the liver (n = 3). I-TCA group: fish injected with TCA; I-T747 group: fish injected with TCA and obeticholic acid; I-TGU group: fish injected with TCA and guggulsterone. Values are presented as means with SD, where significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups are indicated by different letters.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Injection

Journal: Aquaculture Reports

Article Title: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) signaling pathways improved the hepatic lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper

doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100997

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. The expression of proteins and genes induced by an agonist or antagonist of FXR. A: the Western Blot analysis of SREBP1 (sterol responsive element binding protein 1), PPARA (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), P-PPARA, and GAPDH in the liver (n = 3). B–D: the relative quantification of protein levels of SREBP1, PPARA, and P-PPARA normalized to the GAPDH levels (n = 3). E–F: the relative expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism normalized to 18 s and β-actin (n = 6). I-TCA group: fish injected with TCA; I-T747 group: fish injected with TCA and obeticholic acid; I-TGU group: fish injected with TCA and guggulsterone. Values are presented as means with SD, where significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups are indicated by different letters.

Article Snippet: One kind of BAs, two inhibitors, and two activators were used: TCA (CAS: 345909–26–4, T4009, Sigma Aldrich), obeticholic acid (INT-747, FXR agonist, CAS: 459789–99–2, HY-12222, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018), guggulsterone (GU, FXR antagonist, CAS: 95975–55–6, HY-107738, MCE) (Huang et al., 2019), SBI-115 (TGR5 antagonist, CAS: 882366–16–7, HY-111534, MCE), and INT-777 (TGR5 agonist, CAS:1199796–29–6, HY-15677, MCE) (Jia et al., 2018).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Binding Assay, Quantitative Proteomics, Injection