Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Article Title: Pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of taxifolin in cerebral amyloid angiopathy

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1901659116

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of taxifolin on the accumulation of cells expressing Iba-1, TNF-α, or TREM2 in the hippocampus or cortex of Tg-SwDI mice. The histograms and representative images are for Tg-SwDI mice that received the control diet (control group, n = 3) or chow containing taxifolin (taxifolin group, n = 3) for 7 mo. The various cells were detected immunohistochemically, and the total cells were visualized by counterstaining with hematoxylin. Representative images are shown for the control group (Left) and taxifolin group (Right). [Scale bars, 500 μm for the low-power field (Left) and 20 μm for the high-power field (Right).] The proportion of positive cells was obtained by dividing the number of immunohistochemically positive cells by the total number of cells. (A–D) Immunohistochemical analyses of Iba-1–expressing cells in the hippocampus (A and C) and cortex (B and D) of the control group (A and B) and taxifolin group (C and D). (E–H) Immunohistochemical analyses of TNF-α–positive cells in the hippocampus (E and G) and cortex (F and H) of the control group (E and F) and taxifolin group (G and H) (n = 3). (I–L) Immunohistochemical analyses of cells positive for TREM2 in the hippocampus (I and K) and cortex (J and L) of the control group (I and J) and taxifolin group (K and L). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (control, n = 3; taxifolin, n = 3). P values were determined by Student’s t test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Quantification of sTREM2 in Brain Tissue Extracts. sTREM2 levels in the hippocampal and cortical tissues of the mice were quantified using a Mouse TREM2/TREM-2 ELISA Kit (LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc.), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Article Title: Pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of taxifolin in cerebral amyloid angiopathy

doi: 10.1073/pnas.1901659116

Figure Lengend Snippet: Beneficial effects of taxifolin on proinflammatory phenotypes of microglia in the hippocampus of Tg-SwDI mice. The histograms and graphs show results for the hippocampal tissue of 14-wk-old Tg-SwDI mice that received either the control diet (n = 4) or chow containing taxifolin (n = 5) for 13 mo. mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH. (A–C) Hippocampal mRNA expression levels of Iba-1 (A), TREM2 (B), and ADAM10 (C). (D) Concentration of sTREM2. (E and F) Activation levels of proinflammatory signaling pathways. The relative amounts of phospho-p38 (Thr180/Tyr182) to total p38 (E) and phospho-NF-κB p65 (Ser536) to total NF-κB p65 (F) were determined by Western blot and densitometry. Representative images are shown at the Upper Left. (G–M) Relationships between expression levels of TREM2 and levels of Iba-1 (G), ADAM10 (H), TNF-α (I), IL-6 (J), IL-1β (K), glutamate (L), and lipid peroxidation (M) in the hippocampal tissue. In A–F, data are expressed as mean ± SEM (control, n = 4; taxifolin, n = 5); P values were determined by Student’s t test; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. In G–M, Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were used to test the associations of interest.

Article Snippet: Quantification of sTREM2 in Brain Tissue Extracts. sTREM2 levels in the hippocampal and cortical tissues of the mice were quantified using a Mouse TREM2/TREM-2 ELISA Kit (LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc.), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Concentration Assay, Activation Assay, Western Blot