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Shanghai Genechem Ltd nucleocapsid protein np
Nucleocapsid Protein Np, supplied by Shanghai Genechem Ltd, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/nucleocapsid protein np/product/Shanghai Genechem Ltd
Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews

nucleocapsid protein np - by Bioz Stars, 2026-06

86/100 stars

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The antibody response to protein antigens injected with aluminum adjuvants does not require functional NLRP3. ( A , B ) C57BL/6J WT and Nlrp3 -/- mice were injected twice with OVA and AH ( A ) or nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (NP) and AP ( B ). The graphs show the mean ± SE of four mice per group. ( C , D ) CD-1 mice were treated with MCC950 or untreated and then injected twice with OVA and AH ( C ) or nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (NP) and AP ( D ). The graphs show data from individual mice and the mean ± SE of 4–5 mice per group. ns – not significant (Student’s t-test, p > 0.05).

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Aluminum adjuvants differentially induce IL-1β release in vitro yet share NLRP3 inflammasome-independent adjuvant effects in vivo

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-34660-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: The antibody response to protein antigens injected with aluminum adjuvants does not require functional NLRP3. ( A , B ) C57BL/6J WT and Nlrp3 -/- mice were injected twice with OVA and AH ( A ) or nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (NP) and AP ( B ). The graphs show the mean ± SE of four mice per group. ( C , D ) CD-1 mice were treated with MCC950 or untreated and then injected twice with OVA and AH ( C ) or nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (NP) and AP ( D ). The graphs show data from individual mice and the mean ± SE of 4–5 mice per group. ns – not significant (Student’s t-test, p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Endotoxin-free ovalbumin (OVA) was purchased from InvivoGen and the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein (NP) was purchased from Acro Biosystems (Newark, DE).

Techniques: Injection, Functional Assay

The deletion of SNX10 has been demonstrated to inhibit viral replication in vivo . Wild type C57BL/6J) (WT) and Snx10 conditional knockout (CKO, Snx10 LEC-KO ) mice (n = 10) were infected with HCoV-OC43 by nasal instillation (MOI = 10). Lung tissues were collected at day 3 post-infection (dpi). A Group comparison and lung histomorphology at 3 dpi. B Immunohistochemistry images of viral NP and SNX10 expression in lung tissue of WT and CKO mice at 3 dpi (Scale bar = 50 μm). C–E Hematoxylin and eosin images ( C ), pathological scores ( D ), and lung indices ( E ) of WT and CKO mice at 3 dpi (Scale bar = 50 μm). F – I RT-qPCR analysis of IL-6 ( F ), TNF-α ( G ), IFN-γ ( H ), and IL-1β ( I ) mRNA levels in lung tissue at 3 dpi. J, K Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression ( J ) and NP/GAPDH ratios ( K ) in lung tissue at 3 dpi. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001; ns, not significant, P > 0.05.

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: The deletion of SNX10 has been demonstrated to inhibit viral replication in vivo . Wild type C57BL/6J) (WT) and Snx10 conditional knockout (CKO, Snx10 LEC-KO ) mice (n = 10) were infected with HCoV-OC43 by nasal instillation (MOI = 10). Lung tissues were collected at day 3 post-infection (dpi). A Group comparison and lung histomorphology at 3 dpi. B Immunohistochemistry images of viral NP and SNX10 expression in lung tissue of WT and CKO mice at 3 dpi (Scale bar = 50 μm). C–E Hematoxylin and eosin images ( C ), pathological scores ( D ), and lung indices ( E ) of WT and CKO mice at 3 dpi (Scale bar = 50 μm). F – I RT-qPCR analysis of IL-6 ( F ), TNF-α ( G ), IFN-γ ( H ), and IL-1β ( I ) mRNA levels in lung tissue at 3 dpi. J, K Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression ( J ) and NP/GAPDH ratios ( K ) in lung tissue at 3 dpi. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001; ns, not significant, P > 0.05.

Article Snippet: Antibodies were used for immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assay as follows: rabbit monoclonal antibody (mAb) β-actin (Cell Signaling Technology, 4970S); mouse β-actin mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, 97166); mouse polyclonal antibody (pAb) SNX10 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-293380); mouse SNX10 mAb (Novus, NBP2-45894); rabbit OC43 nucleocapsid protein (NP) mAb (Sino Biological, 40643-T62); rabbit AP2M1 mAb (ABclonal, A11070); rabbit p-AP2M1 pAb (ABclonal, AP0823); rabbit CLATHRIN mAb (Abcam, ab172958); rabbit EEA1 mAb (Abcam, ab109110); rabbit RAB7 mAb (ABclonal, A12308); mouse RAB7 mAb (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SC-376362); rabbit LAMP1 mAb (ABclonal, A23947); rabbit P62 mAb (Proteintech, 18420-1-AP); rabbit LC3 mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, 3868); rabbit TBK1 mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, 3504); rabbit p-TBK1 mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, 5483); rabbit IRF3 mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, 4302); rabbit p-IRF3 mAb (Cell Signaling Technology, 29047); anti-HA-Tag (Cell Signaling Technology, 3724); Anti-MYC-Tag (Abmart, M20002 ); donkey anti-rabbit IgG (FITC) (GeneTex, GTX26798); goat anti-mouse IgG H&L (FITC) (Abcam, ab6785); HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Cell Signaling Technology, 7074S); HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Cell Signaling Technology, 7076S); HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG (Fdbio, FDG007).

Techniques: In Vivo, Knock-Out, Infection, Comparison, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Two Tailed Test

SNX10 deficiency affects viral replication in vitro and viral infection enhances SNX10 protein stability. A Western blot analysis of SNX10 protein expression in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 cells (NC). B Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression in SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hours post-infection (hpi). C Representative immunofluorescence images of viral NP expression in SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hpi (Scale bar = 100 μm). D Plaque assay performed in RD cells to determine the viral titres collected from SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells infected with HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 1) at the 48 hpi. E, F Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression in HCT-8 cells after HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 1) infection for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. G RT-qPCR of SNX10 mRNA level in HCT-8 cells after HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 1) infection for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. H Western blot analysis of SNX10 expression in HCT-8 cells treated with CHX (100 μg/mL) after HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 10) infection for 4, 8 and 12 h. Experiments were repeated three times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNX10 deficiency affects viral replication in vitro and viral infection enhances SNX10 protein stability. A Western blot analysis of SNX10 protein expression in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 cells (NC). B Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression in SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hours post-infection (hpi). C Representative immunofluorescence images of viral NP expression in SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hpi (Scale bar = 100 μm). D Plaque assay performed in RD cells to determine the viral titres collected from SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells infected with HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 1) at the 48 hpi. E, F Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression in HCT-8 cells after HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 1) infection for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. G RT-qPCR of SNX10 mRNA level in HCT-8 cells after HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 1) infection for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. H Western blot analysis of SNX10 expression in HCT-8 cells treated with CHX (100 μg/mL) after HCoV-OC43 (MOI = 10) infection for 4, 8 and 12 h. Experiments were repeated three times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Techniques: In Vitro, Infection, Western Blot, Expressing, Knock-Out, Control, Immunofluorescence, Plaque Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

AP2M1 directly interacts with SNX10 through cargo-binding domain recognition. A Western blot analysis of SNX10 expression in SNX10-HA overexpressing HCT-8 cells. B Silver staining of SDS-PAGE gels showed that the immunoprecipitates were pulled down by HA-Tag antibody from SNX10-HA overexpressing HCT-8 cells. The different bands of interest are indicated by black arrows. C Venn diagram for the intersection of immunoprecipitates were pulled down by IgG (red), HA-Tag antibody from HCoV-OC43 infection group (green) and HA-Tag antibody from control group (blue) to screen out the potential proteins directly interact with SNX10. D Based on the ranking of iBAQ scores of mass spectrometry results, we screened out the top 10 mutual support proteins with the highest probability. E, F Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) for the interaction between SNX10 and AP2M1 in 293T cells. G Immunofluorescence images of colocalization of SNX10 and AP2M1 in HCT-8 cells after infection with HCoV-OC43. H The schematic of deletion truncations of MYC-AP2M1 overexpressing plasmids. I Co-IP for the interaction between different truncations of AP2M1 and SNX10 in 293T cells. J, K The schematic of docking between SNX10 to the C-terminal of AP2M1 ( https://www.home-for-researchers.com/#/ ) and speculate on the location of the union of the two. Experiments were repeated three times.

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: AP2M1 directly interacts with SNX10 through cargo-binding domain recognition. A Western blot analysis of SNX10 expression in SNX10-HA overexpressing HCT-8 cells. B Silver staining of SDS-PAGE gels showed that the immunoprecipitates were pulled down by HA-Tag antibody from SNX10-HA overexpressing HCT-8 cells. The different bands of interest are indicated by black arrows. C Venn diagram for the intersection of immunoprecipitates were pulled down by IgG (red), HA-Tag antibody from HCoV-OC43 infection group (green) and HA-Tag antibody from control group (blue) to screen out the potential proteins directly interact with SNX10. D Based on the ranking of iBAQ scores of mass spectrometry results, we screened out the top 10 mutual support proteins with the highest probability. E, F Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) for the interaction between SNX10 and AP2M1 in 293T cells. G Immunofluorescence images of colocalization of SNX10 and AP2M1 in HCT-8 cells after infection with HCoV-OC43. H The schematic of deletion truncations of MYC-AP2M1 overexpressing plasmids. I Co-IP for the interaction between different truncations of AP2M1 and SNX10 in 293T cells. J, K The schematic of docking between SNX10 to the C-terminal of AP2M1 ( https://www.home-for-researchers.com/#/ ) and speculate on the location of the union of the two. Experiments were repeated three times.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Silver Staining, SDS Page, Infection, Control, Mass Spectrometry, Immunoprecipitation, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Immunofluorescence

SNX10 deletion inhibits AP2M1 phosphorylation and suppresses viral entry into cells. A Western blot analysis of AP2M1 and p-AP2M1 protein expression in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hours post-infection (hpi). B Western blot analysis of clathrin, AP2M1, p-AP2M1 and SNX10 protein expression in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 cells (WT) with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hpi. C Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) for the interaction between clathrin, AP2M1 and SNX10 in 293T cells. D Western blot analysis of clathrin, AP2M1, p-AP2M1 and SNX10 protein expression of cell membrane, cytoplasm and whole cell lysate in SNX10-HA overexpressing (OE) and control HCT-8 cells (WT). E Western blot detection of viral protein NP expression after HCT-8 cell treatment with DC-SX029 (10 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM) and AAK1 (10 μM) and infected by HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI= 1) at 24 hpi. F Western blot analysis of clathrin, AP2M1, p-AP2M1 and SNX10 protein expression in HCT-8 cells treated with DC-SX029 or AAK1 and infected by HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 1) at 24 hpi. G Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of clathrin expression of HCT-8 cells treated with DC-SX029 or AAK1 and infected by HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). H Luciferase activity assay of infection efficiency of pseudoviruses in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 (NC) cells. I–J RT-qPCR of viral NP mRNA level in SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells after HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at binding stage ( I ), internalization stage ( J ) and acid bypass stage ( K ). L Representative IF images of DIO (green)/DIL (red) staining in HCT-8 cells at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). Experiments were repeated 3 times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNX10 deletion inhibits AP2M1 phosphorylation and suppresses viral entry into cells. A Western blot analysis of AP2M1 and p-AP2M1 protein expression in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hours post-infection (hpi). B Western blot analysis of clathrin, AP2M1, p-AP2M1 and SNX10 protein expression in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 cells (WT) with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 1) at 24 hpi. C Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) for the interaction between clathrin, AP2M1 and SNX10 in 293T cells. D Western blot analysis of clathrin, AP2M1, p-AP2M1 and SNX10 protein expression of cell membrane, cytoplasm and whole cell lysate in SNX10-HA overexpressing (OE) and control HCT-8 cells (WT). E Western blot detection of viral protein NP expression after HCT-8 cell treatment with DC-SX029 (10 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM) and AAK1 (10 μM) and infected by HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI= 1) at 24 hpi. F Western blot analysis of clathrin, AP2M1, p-AP2M1 and SNX10 protein expression in HCT-8 cells treated with DC-SX029 or AAK1 and infected by HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 1) at 24 hpi. G Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of clathrin expression of HCT-8 cells treated with DC-SX029 or AAK1 and infected by HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). H Luciferase activity assay of infection efficiency of pseudoviruses in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 (NC) cells. I–J RT-qPCR of viral NP mRNA level in SNX10 -KO and control HCT-8 cells after HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at binding stage ( I ), internalization stage ( J ) and acid bypass stage ( K ). L Representative IF images of DIO (green)/DIL (red) staining in HCT-8 cells at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). Experiments were repeated 3 times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗∗ P < 0.01.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot, Expressing, Virus, Infection, Knock-Out, Control, Immunoprecipitation, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Membrane, Immunofluorescence, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Binding Assay, Staining, Two Tailed Test

SNX10 promotes cellular endosome acidification and viral release. A Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 (WT) cells. B Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of DIO (green)/DIL (red) staining in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hours post-infection (hpi) (Scale bar = 5 μm). C Representative images and quantification of neutral red staining to analysis the intracellular acidic vacuoles in HCT-8 cells (Scale bar = 5 μm). D Representative IF images and quantification of staining with pH probe Protonex™ Red 600 to analysis the change of pH in acidic endosomes of HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 20 μm). E Representative IF images and quantification of staining with pH probe Protonex™ Red 600 to analysis the change of pH in acidic endosomes of HCT-8 cells treated with DC-SX029 or AAK1 after HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 20 μm). Experiments were repeated 3 times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and p values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNX10 promotes cellular endosome acidification and viral release. A Western blot analysis of viral NP and SNX10 expression in SNX10 -knockout (KO) and control HCT-8 (WT) cells. B Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of DIO (green)/DIL (red) staining in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hours post-infection (hpi) (Scale bar = 5 μm). C Representative images and quantification of neutral red staining to analysis the intracellular acidic vacuoles in HCT-8 cells (Scale bar = 5 μm). D Representative IF images and quantification of staining with pH probe Protonex™ Red 600 to analysis the change of pH in acidic endosomes of HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 20 μm). E Representative IF images and quantification of staining with pH probe Protonex™ Red 600 to analysis the change of pH in acidic endosomes of HCT-8 cells treated with DC-SX029 or AAK1 after HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 20 μm). Experiments were repeated 3 times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and p values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Knock-Out, Control, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Infection, Virus, Two Tailed Test

SNX10 deficiency leads to activation of virus-induced autophagy. A Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of the positions between SNX10 and EEA1/RAB7/LAMP1 in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hours post-infection (hpi) (Scale bar = 5 μm). B Representative IF images of the positions between EEA1/RAB7 and RAB7/LAMP1 in SNX10-HA overexpressing (OE) and control HCT-8 cells (WT) with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). C, D Representative IF images and quantification of lysosomal staining with lysosomal probe LysoTracker in SNX10 -knockout (KO) HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 20 μm). E Representative images of staining with AdPlus-mCherry-GFP-LC3B to analysis the autophagy in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). F Representative images of transmission electron microscopy show the lysosomal state of HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 2 μm or 500 nm). G Western blot analysis of SNX10 protein expression in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 1) at 2 hpi, and treated with inhibitors [Chloroquine (CQ), MG132 and Bafilomycin A1 (BAF-A1)] for 4 h. H Western blot analysis of p62, LC3 and SNX10 protein expression in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 1) at 2 hpi, and treated with BAF-A1 for 4 h. Experiments were repeated 3 times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ns, not significant, P > 0.05.

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: SNX10 enhances HCoV-OC43 infection by facilitating viral entry and inhibiting virus-triggered autophagy

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.07.005

Figure Lengend Snippet: SNX10 deficiency leads to activation of virus-induced autophagy. A Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images of the positions between SNX10 and EEA1/RAB7/LAMP1 in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hours post-infection (hpi) (Scale bar = 5 μm). B Representative IF images of the positions between EEA1/RAB7 and RAB7/LAMP1 in SNX10-HA overexpressing (OE) and control HCT-8 cells (WT) with HCoV-OC43 infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). C, D Representative IF images and quantification of lysosomal staining with lysosomal probe LysoTracker in SNX10 -knockout (KO) HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 20 μm). E Representative images of staining with AdPlus-mCherry-GFP-LC3B to analysis the autophagy in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 5 μm). F Representative images of transmission electron microscopy show the lysosomal state of HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus infection (MOI = 10) at 2 hpi (Scale bar = 2 μm or 500 nm). G Western blot analysis of SNX10 protein expression in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 1) at 2 hpi, and treated with inhibitors [Chloroquine (CQ), MG132 and Bafilomycin A1 (BAF-A1)] for 4 h. H Western blot analysis of p62, LC3 and SNX10 protein expression in HCT-8 cells with HCoV-OC43 virus (MOI = 1) at 2 hpi, and treated with BAF-A1 for 4 h. Experiments were repeated 3 times. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, and P values were calculated using two-tailed Student's t -test. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ns, not significant, P > 0.05.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Virus, Immunofluorescence, Infection, Control, Staining, Knock-Out, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

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