Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Regenerative Index reveals declining muscle regeneration in paediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.05.697715

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Representative immunofluorescence image of a DMD muscle biopsy stained for IgG (red) and embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMHC, blue), with 500 µm insets showing laminin (green) and automated tracing traces outlining individual fibers (yellow) to determine presence or absence of either eMHC or IgG (see thick white arrows). ( b ) Percentage of eMHC + fibers in individual DMD patients plotted against age at biopsy, showing a weak but statistically significant positive correlation (R 2 = 0.4011, p = 0.0493). ( c ) Percentage of IgG + fibers in DMD patients plotted against age at biopsy, indicating a trend toward increased IgG + fibers with age that does not reach statistical significance (R 2 = 0.349, p = 0.0719). ( d, e ) Comparison of younger (7–8 years) and older (9–11 years) DMD patients shows no significant differences in the proportion of eMHC + fibers ( d ) or IgG + fibers ( e ) (ns, unpaired t test).

Article Snippet: To identify PAX7-expressing satellite cells mouse IgG1 anti-Pax7 hybridroma (DSHB) was thawed at 37C and vortexed for 20 seconds.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Regenerative Index reveals declining muscle regeneration in paediatric patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.05.697715

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Schematic representation of the Regenerative Index (RI), defined as the ratio of newly forming eMHC-positive myofibers to necrotic IgG-positive myofibers. ( b ) Plot of RI versus age at biopsy in DMD patients, showing a strong negative correlation between regenerative index and age (R 2 = 0.789, p = 0.0006; simple linear regression). ( c ) Comparison of RI between younger (7–8 years) and older (9–11 years) DMD patients demonstrates a significantly higher regenerative index in the younger group (***p < 0.001, unpaired t test).

Article Snippet: To identify PAX7-expressing satellite cells mouse IgG1 anti-Pax7 hybridroma (DSHB) was thawed at 37C and vortexed for 20 seconds.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA ® ) platform provides unique antigen delivery system through controlled release to improve immune response to vaccination

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.05.697591

Figure Lengend Snippet: A-B. Group mean +/- SEM percent of fluorescent radiant efficiency (p/s)/(µW/cm 2 ) relative to radiant efficiency at 24 hr timepoint measured at site of injection for 50-, 100- or 200-cycle ALD coated powders administered at 2 mg/mL or (B) 0.4 mg/mL. Unconjugated, liquid IVISense680 fluorescent dye, conjugated OVA-IVISense680 or Alhydrogel-adsorbed, conjugated OVA-IVISense680 were administered at equimolar concentrations to amount of fluorescent dye in ALD coated powder at 2 mg/mL dose. Non-linear 4PL regression fit line with 95% confidence intervals shown for ALD coated powders (constraints on 4PL regression bottom = 0, top = 100) C. Correlation of time to 50% particle dissolution in vitro and time to 50% fluorescent signal loss in vivo (using 4PL fit parameters) at indicated doses. Simple linear regression of data at each dose shown, with slope of regression line indicated on plot. D-E. Anti-OVA IgG1 seroconversion percentage following vaccination with 100-cycle ALTA ® OVA dosed at 2 mg/mL (960 ng OVA) or 0.4 mg/mL (192 ng OVA) or (E) 200-cycle ALTA ® OVA dosed at 2 mg/mL (920 ng OVA) or 0.4 mg/mL (192 ng OVA). The IgG1 data is overlaid with group mean +/- SEM percent of fluorescent radiant efficiency relative to 24 hr timepoint measured at site of injection. Dotted lines at week 2 or week 7 indicate shift in rate of fluorescent signal loss for (D) 100-cycle or (E) 200-cycle powders, respectively.

Article Snippet: A standard curve was established with a dilution series of mouse anti-OVA IgG1 primary antibody (Chondrex #7093).

Techniques: Injection, Dissolution, In Vitro, In Vivo

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA ® ) platform provides unique antigen delivery system through controlled release to improve immune response to vaccination

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.05.697591

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Study design, n=10 mice per group. All mice received 62.5 ng OVA dose, either in a single injection, or over the course of 7 daily injections. Of note, Al 3+ ion content differs significantly between groups treated with ALD-coated material or Alhydrogel. B. Anti-OVA IgG1 titers at week 3 post first injection (14 days post final injection for 7 day dose groups). Plot shows geometric mean titer (n=10/group) with 95% confidence interval, **** = p < 0.0001. Data analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. C. Anti-OVA IgG1 titers throughout study, plot shows geometric mean titer (n=10/group) with 95% confidence interval. D. Anti-OVA IgG1 seroconversion percentage, indicating a 2 log-fold increase in anti-OVA IgG1 titers relative to pre-injection baseline.

Article Snippet: A standard curve was established with a dilution series of mouse anti-OVA IgG1 primary antibody (Chondrex #7093).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA ® ) platform provides unique antigen delivery system through controlled release to improve immune response to vaccination

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.05.697591

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Anti-OVA IgG1 titers following administration of 200 ng OVA dose given from Alhydrogel-adsorbed OVA liquid prime/boost (injection schedule 100 ng D0/100 ng D28 or 100 ng D0/100 ng D49). For mixed products (green/purple traces) 100- or 200-cycle ALTA ® powders containing a 100 ng OVA dose were resuspended in a diluent containing 100 ng Alhydrogel-adsorbed OVA and given as a single injection on D0. Plots shows geometric mean titer (n=8-10/group) with 95% confidence interval. B. Total AUC of log10-transformed anti-OVA IgG1 titers shown in A from week 0 to week 16. Column shows mean AUC +/- SEM (n=8-10 mice/group) Data analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. **** = p < 0.0001. *** = p < 0.001. ** = p < 0.01. C. The percentage of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells relative to total CD8+ T cells in whole blood was measured using flow cytometry (see methods). Plot shows mean +/- SEM (n=5 mice/group). D. Anti-OVA IgG1 titers following a 200 ng OVA dose given in 50-, 100- or 200-cycle ALD coated vaccine powder. For the mixed ALD vaccine product (purple), 50-cycle and 200-cycle materials were resuspended in diluent at a 2x concentration, then mixed at a 1:1 ratio immediately prior to injection to deliver a total dose of 200 ng OVA. Plot shows geometric mean titer (n=9-10/group) with 95% confidence interval. E. Total area under the curve of anti-OVA IgG1 titer was calculated for all animals after vaccination with 200 ng OVA from 50-, 100-, 200- or mixed 50+200-cycle ALTA ® OVA powders. Plot shows the group mean AUC +/- SEM (n=9-10/group). Data analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. * = p < 0.05. F. The percentage of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells relative to total CD8+ T cells in whole blood was measured using flow cytometry (see methods). Plot shows mean +/- SEM (n=5 mice/group).

Article Snippet: A standard curve was established with a dilution series of mouse anti-OVA IgG1 primary antibody (Chondrex #7093).

Techniques: Injection, Transformation Assay, Flow Cytometry, Concentration Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Atomic Layering Thermostable Antigen and Adjuvant (ALTA ® ) platform provides unique antigen delivery system through controlled release to improve immune response to vaccination

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.05.697591

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Total anti-N332-GT5 gp140 IgG titers after a single administration of 50-cycle ALTA ® on D0 at indicated doses of N332-GT5 gp140. Plots shows geometric mean titer (n=8/group) +/- 95% confidence interval. B. Analysis of fluorescent signal at site of injection following administration of 50-cycle ALTA ® containing fluorescently-labeled N332-GT5 gp140. Plot shows mean +/- SEM of percent of fluorescent radiant efficiency (p/s)/(µW/cm 2 ) relative to radiant efficiency at 24 hr timepoint measured at site of injection for 50-cycle ALTA ® N332-GT5 gp140 administered at specified doses (square traces). Total anti-N332-GT5 gp140 IgG titers plotted as geometric mean +/- 95% confidence interval (n=5 mice/group) (triangle traces). C. Kinetics of total anti-N332-GT5 gp140 IgG titers elicited by a single administration of 10 µg N332-GT5, delivered in a liquid formulation (blue) or in 50-cycle ALTA ® products with/without the presence of adjuvants in the injection diluent. Plot shows geometric mean titer +/- 95% confidence interval (n=16 mice/group red trace, n=8 mice/group all others) D. Total anti-N332-GT5 gp140 IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2c and IgG3 titers elicited by a single administration of 10 µg N332-GT5 gp140 at week 8 post injection, delivered in a liquid formulation (blue) or in 50-cycle ALTA ® products with/without the presence of adjuvants in the injection diluent. Plot shows geometric mean titer +/- 95% confidence interval (n=16 mice/group red trace, n=8 mice/group all others). ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05, data analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. E-H. Total anti-N332-GT5 gp140 (E) IgG1, (F) IgG2b, (G) IgG2c and (H) IgG3 titers elicited by a single administration of 10 µg N332-GT5 gp140 at week 8 post injection, delivered in a liquid formulation (blue) or in 50-cycle ALTA ® products with/without the presence of adjuvants in the injection diluent. Plot shows geometric mean titer +/- 95% confidence interval (n=16 mice/group red trace, n=8 mice/group all others. **** = p < 0.0001, ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05, ns = p > 0.05, data analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test.

Article Snippet: A standard curve was established with a dilution series of mouse anti-OVA IgG1 primary antibody (Chondrex #7093).

Techniques: Injection, Labeling, Formulation