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glua3  (Alomone Labs)


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    Alomone Labs glua3
    Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface <t>GluA3</t> expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.
    Glua3, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 2 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/glua3/Guinea+pig+Anti-GluR3+(GluA3)+(extracellular)+Antibody/pmc12870757-267-37-38
    Average 94 stars, based on 2 article reviews
    glua3 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "O-GlcNAc transferase couples nutrient availability to synaptic plasticity in paraventricular neurons to regulate satiety"

    Article Title: O-GlcNAc transferase couples nutrient availability to synaptic plasticity in paraventricular neurons to regulate satiety

    Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

    doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111124

    Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA3 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA3 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.

    Techniques Used: Transmission Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, MANN-WHITNEY

    Related Articles

    Incubation:

    Article Title: O-GlcNAc Transferase Couples Nutrient Availability to Synaptic Plasticity in Paraventricular Neurons to Regulate Satiety.
    Article Snippet: .. Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk prepared in TBS-T and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against OGT (Proteintech, 11576-2-AP; 1:2000), HSP70 (Proteintech, 10995-1-AP; 1:10,000), GluA1 (NeuroMab, N355/1; 5μg/blot), GluA2 (NeuroMab, L21/32; 5μg/blot), or GluA3 (Almone labs, AGC-010-GP; 1:1000). .. Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk prepared in TBS-T and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against OGT (Proteintech, 11576-2-AP; 1:2000), HSP70 (Proteintech, 10995-1-AP; 1:10,000), GluA1 (NeuroMab, N355/1; 5μg/blot), GluA2 (NeuroMab, L21/32; 5μg/blot), or GluA3 (Almone labs, AGC-010-GP; 1:1000).

    Article Title: O-GlcNAc transferase couples nutrient availability to synaptic plasticity in paraventricular neurons to regulate satiety
    Article Snippet: .. Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk prepared in TBS-T and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against OGT (Proteintech, 11576-2-AP; 1:2000), HSP70 (Proteintech, 10995-1-AP; 1:10,000), GluA1 (NeuroMab, N355/1; 5μg/blot), GluA2 (NeuroMab, L21/32; 5μg/blot), or GluA3 (Almone labs, AGC-010-GP; 1:1000). .. Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk prepared in TBS-T and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against OGT (Proteintech, 11576-2-AP; 1:2000), HSP70 (Proteintech, 10995-1-AP; 1:10,000), GluA1 (NeuroMab, N355/1; 5μg/blot), GluA2 (NeuroMab, L21/32; 5μg/blot), or GluA3 (Almone labs, AGC-010-GP; 1:1000).

    other:

    Article Title: Adult medial habenula neurons require GDNF receptor GFRα1 for synaptic stability and function
    Article Snippet: 30-μm brain sections were washed in PBS and blocked for 1 hour in 5% normal donkey serum (NDS, Jackson Immunoresearch) and 0.3% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS.

    Cell-Signaling:

    Article Title: Endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of GluA2/3 AMPARs in response to oxygen/glucose deprivation in hippocampal but not cortical neurons
    Article Snippet: .. The antibodies used were as follows: α-adaptin (Becton Dickinson); GluA1 (Millipore); GluA2 (rabbit Synaptic Systems, mouse Becton Dickinson); GluA3 (Alomone); LAMP1 (Abcam); PICK1 (rabbit Abcam, mouse Neuromab); tubulin (Sigma); Rab5 (Cell Signaling); Rab11 (Cell Signaling). .. Extracts of hippocampal and cortical neuronal cultures were prepared in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100, plus Roche protease inhibitor cocktail) and subsequently incubated with 5 μg anti-PICK1 or control IgG antibodies followed by protein-G sepharose beads (GE Healthcare).



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    Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface <t>GluA3</t> expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.
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    Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface <t>GluA3</t> expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.
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    Image Search Results


    Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA3 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.

    Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

    Article Title: O-GlcNAc transferase couples nutrient availability to synaptic plasticity in paraventricular neurons to regulate satiety

    doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111124

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Nutritional state differentially modulates synaptic transmission in WT and OGT-KO neurons. A , representative trace showing suppression of spontaneous excitatory synaptic events following NBQX application in WT PVN αCaMKII neurons. The red arrow represents a typical excitatory spike. B – D , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA1 expression in primary cortical neurons. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA1 = 1.282 ± 0.068; surface GluA1 = 1.629 ± 0.064. E–G , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA2 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA2 = 0.7101 ± 0.081; surface GluA2 = 0.5138 ± 0.075. H–J , representative Western blots and quantification of total and surface GluA3 expression. WT values were normalized to 1. OGT-KO total GluA3 = 0.6691 ± 0.032; surface GluA3 = 0.3935 ± 0.044. Western blot quantitative analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All Western blot data expressed as mean ± SEM. K , representative sEPSC traces in WT neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. L , sEPSC frequency in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states ( p = 0.021). M , sEPSC amplitude in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.851). N , sEPSC decay tau in WT neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.142). O , Representative sEPSC traces in OGT-KO neurons under hungry ( top ) and fed ( bottom ) conditions. P , sEPSC frequency in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.095). Q , sEPSC amplitude in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.309). R , sEPSC decay tau in OGT-KO neurons comparing hungry vs fed states (NS, p = 0.547). All sEPSC data ( panels K–R ) were obtained from WT (n = 5) and OGT-KO (n = 5) mice under hungry and fed conditions (n = 5 each condition). Statistical comparisons using Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Blue bars: WT neurons ( dark blue = hungry, light blue = fed); yellow bars: OGT-KO neurons ( light yellow = hungry, bright yellow = fed). ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001, NS, non-significant.

    Article Snippet: Membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk prepared in TBS-T and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against OGT (Proteintech, 11576-2-AP; 1:2000), HSP70 (Proteintech, 10995-1-AP; 1:10,000), GluA1 (NeuroMab, N355/1; 5μg/blot), GluA2 (NeuroMab, L21/32; 5μg/blot), or GluA3 (Almone labs, AGC-010-GP; 1:1000).

    Techniques: Transmission Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, MANN-WHITNEY

    The white dashed lines in all panels mark the cortex-striatum boundary. a Glutamate (Glu) and DAPI staining. The white arrows highlight Glu-positive signals in the striatum, presenting an increase after MPTP administration. b Glu receptor (mGluR3) and DAPI staining. c Glu and mGluR3 receptor staining. The yellow arrows indicate double-stained areas in the striatum, demonstrating enhanced expression in the MPTP-treated mouse. d GFAP and DAPI staining, with an increased GFAP signal in the MPTP group, reflecting higher astrocytic activation (with DAPI providing background cell body visualization). e A merged image combining the signals from ( a , b , d ). f Coomassie blue staining. The increased staining intensity in the MPTP-treated brain suggests an increase in total protein content.

    Journal: npj Imaging

    Article Title: Quantitative multi-metabolite imaging of Parkinson’s disease using AI boosted molecular MRI

    doi: 10.1038/s44303-025-00130-x

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The white dashed lines in all panels mark the cortex-striatum boundary. a Glutamate (Glu) and DAPI staining. The white arrows highlight Glu-positive signals in the striatum, presenting an increase after MPTP administration. b Glu receptor (mGluR3) and DAPI staining. c Glu and mGluR3 receptor staining. The yellow arrows indicate double-stained areas in the striatum, demonstrating enhanced expression in the MPTP-treated mouse. d GFAP and DAPI staining, with an increased GFAP signal in the MPTP group, reflecting higher astrocytic activation (with DAPI providing background cell body visualization). e A merged image combining the signals from ( a , b , d ). f Coomassie blue staining. The increased staining intensity in the MPTP-treated brain suggests an increase in total protein content.

    Article Snippet: Antibodies against glutamate (#AB5018, Sigma Aldrich), GFAP (#Ab4674, Abcam), and mGluR3 glutamate receptor (#AGC-010-GP, Alomone labs) were used for IHC tissue staining.

    Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Activation Assay

    ( A – C ) Representative current-voltage (I-V) plots of glutamate-elicited currents ( A and B ) and quantification ( C ) show the differential effect of coexpression of α2δ-1, α2δ-2, or α2δ-3 on GluA3 currents in HEK29 cells ( n = 11 cells for GluA3/empty vector [pcDNA], GluA3/α2δ-1, and GluA3/α2δ-2; n = 12 cells for GluA3/α2δ-3). ( D – F ) Representative I-V plots of glutamate-elicited currents ( D ) and mean current density ( E ) and rectification index ( F ) in HEK293 cells transfected with GluA2/A3 with either pcDNA or α2δ-1 ( n = 12 cells for GluA2/GluA3; n = 13 cells for GluA2/GluA3/α2δ-1). * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test in C ; 2-tailed Student’s t test in E and F . Data are expressed as means ± SEM. ( G and H ) Original confocal immunofluorescence images show the distribution of GluA3 (red) and GFP-tagged α2δ-1 (green) in HEK293 cells transfected with either GluA3/pcDNA or GluA3/α2δ-1-GFP. Areas in yellow boxes in G are magnified in H . Scale bars: 50 μm ( G ), 10 μm ( H ).

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A – C ) Representative current-voltage (I-V) plots of glutamate-elicited currents ( A and B ) and quantification ( C ) show the differential effect of coexpression of α2δ-1, α2δ-2, or α2δ-3 on GluA3 currents in HEK29 cells ( n = 11 cells for GluA3/empty vector [pcDNA], GluA3/α2δ-1, and GluA3/α2δ-2; n = 12 cells for GluA3/α2δ-3). ( D – F ) Representative I-V plots of glutamate-elicited currents ( D ) and mean current density ( E ) and rectification index ( F ) in HEK293 cells transfected with GluA2/A3 with either pcDNA or α2δ-1 ( n = 12 cells for GluA2/GluA3; n = 13 cells for GluA2/GluA3/α2δ-1). * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test in C ; 2-tailed Student’s t test in E and F . Data are expressed as means ± SEM. ( G and H ) Original confocal immunofluorescence images show the distribution of GluA3 (red) and GFP-tagged α2δ-1 (green) in HEK293 cells transfected with either GluA3/pcDNA or GluA3/α2δ-1-GFP. Areas in yellow boxes in G are magnified in H . Scale bars: 50 μm ( G ), 10 μm ( H ).

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Plasmid Preparation, Transfection, Immunofluorescence

    ( A and B ) Representative immunoblot images ( A ) and quantification ( B ) show the distinct effect of coexpression of HA-tagged α2δ-1, α2δ-2, or α2δ-3 on GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells ( n = 8 independent experiments per group). GAPDH was used as the internal control for normalizing the protein levels on the same gel. *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A and B ) Representative immunoblot images ( A ) and quantification ( B ) show the distinct effect of coexpression of HA-tagged α2δ-1, α2δ-2, or α2δ-3 on GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells ( n = 8 independent experiments per group). GAPDH was used as the internal control for normalizing the protein levels on the same gel. *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Control

    ( A ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the concentration-dependent reduction in GluA3 protein levels induced by α2δ-1 coexpression in HEK293 cells ( n = 7 independent experiments per group). ( B ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the effect of coexpression with GFP on GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells ( n = 7 independent experiments per group). ( C ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the protein levels of GluA2 and GluA3 in HEK293 cells expressing GluA2/GluA3 with either empty vectors or α2δ-1 ( n = 6 independent experiments per group). ( D ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the protein levels of GluA3 and α2δ-1 in HEK293 cells expressing GluA3 with either empty vectors or α2δ-1 ( n = 6 independent experiments per group). GAPDH was used as the internal control for normalizing the protein levels on the same gel. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test in A and B ; 2-tailed Student’s t test in C and D . Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the concentration-dependent reduction in GluA3 protein levels induced by α2δ-1 coexpression in HEK293 cells ( n = 7 independent experiments per group). ( B ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the effect of coexpression with GFP on GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells ( n = 7 independent experiments per group). ( C ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the protein levels of GluA2 and GluA3 in HEK293 cells expressing GluA2/GluA3 with either empty vectors or α2δ-1 ( n = 6 independent experiments per group). ( D ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the protein levels of GluA3 and α2δ-1 in HEK293 cells expressing GluA3 with either empty vectors or α2δ-1 ( n = 6 independent experiments per group). GAPDH was used as the internal control for normalizing the protein levels on the same gel. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test in A and B ; 2-tailed Student’s t test in C and D . Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Expressing, Control

    ( A ) Original confocal images show the distribution of GluA3 (green), IB4 (red), and NeuN (blue) in the spinal dorsal horn of sham control and SNL rats. Scale bars: 100 μm (upper panels), 50 μm (lower panels). ( B and C ) Representative immunoblot images ( B ) and quantification ( C ) show the protein levels of α2δ-1 and GluA3 in the dorsal spinal cord of sham control and SNL rats. β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing the protein levels on the same gel ( n = 8 mice per group). ( D and E ) Representative immunoblot images ( D ) and quantification ( E ) show the protein levels of GluA3 and GluA2/GluA3 complexes in the dorsal spinal cord from sham and SNL rats treated intrathecally with vehicle or 10 μg pregabalin (PGB; n = 9 rats per group) 3 weeks after surgery. Protein extracts from rat spinal cord tissues were immunoprecipitated using a rabbit GluA2 antibody or IgG. Immunoblotting was then performed using mouse GluA2, mouse GluA3, and mouse β-actin antibodies. β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing GluA3 protein levels in the input. The corresponding immunoprecipitated GluA2 protein bands were used for normalizing GluA2/GluA3 protein complex levels. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-tailed Student’s t test in C ; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in E . Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Original confocal images show the distribution of GluA3 (green), IB4 (red), and NeuN (blue) in the spinal dorsal horn of sham control and SNL rats. Scale bars: 100 μm (upper panels), 50 μm (lower panels). ( B and C ) Representative immunoblot images ( B ) and quantification ( C ) show the protein levels of α2δ-1 and GluA3 in the dorsal spinal cord of sham control and SNL rats. β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing the protein levels on the same gel ( n = 8 mice per group). ( D and E ) Representative immunoblot images ( D ) and quantification ( E ) show the protein levels of GluA3 and GluA2/GluA3 complexes in the dorsal spinal cord from sham and SNL rats treated intrathecally with vehicle or 10 μg pregabalin (PGB; n = 9 rats per group) 3 weeks after surgery. Protein extracts from rat spinal cord tissues were immunoprecipitated using a rabbit GluA2 antibody or IgG. Immunoblotting was then performed using mouse GluA2, mouse GluA3, and mouse β-actin antibodies. β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing GluA3 protein levels in the input. The corresponding immunoprecipitated GluA2 protein bands were used for normalizing GluA2/GluA3 protein complex levels. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-tailed Student’s t test in C ; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in E . Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Control, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation

    Representative immunoblot images ( A and C ) and quantification show the total ( B ) and synaptosome ( D ) protein levels of GluA3 and α2δ-1 in the dorsal spinal cord of naive rats injected intrathecally with control lentiviruses or lentiviruses expressing Cacna2d1 ( n = 6 rats per group). β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing the GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels on the same gel. PSD-95, a synaptic protein marker, served as the internal control for normalizing the GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels in synaptosome fractions. *** P < 0.001; 2-tailed Student’s t test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunoblot images ( A and C ) and quantification show the total ( B ) and synaptosome ( D ) protein levels of GluA3 and α2δ-1 in the dorsal spinal cord of naive rats injected intrathecally with control lentiviruses or lentiviruses expressing Cacna2d1 ( n = 6 rats per group). β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing the GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels on the same gel. PSD-95, a synaptic protein marker, served as the internal control for normalizing the GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels in synaptosome fractions. *** P < 0.001; 2-tailed Student’s t test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Injection, Control, Expressing, Marker

    ( A and B ) Representative immunoblot images ( A ) and quantification ( B ) show the basal protein levels of GluA3 in the dorsal spinal cord of WT and Cana2d1- KO mice ( n = 6 mice per group). ( C and D ) Representative immunoblot images ( C ) and quantification ( D ) show the protein levels of GluA3 and α2δ-1 in dorsal spinal cord tissues from WT and Cana2d1- KO mice subjected to sham or SNI surgery ( n = 11 mice per group). β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing the GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels on the same gel. ** P < 0.01; 2-tailed Student’s t test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A and B ) Representative immunoblot images ( A ) and quantification ( B ) show the basal protein levels of GluA3 in the dorsal spinal cord of WT and Cana2d1- KO mice ( n = 6 mice per group). ( C and D ) Representative immunoblot images ( C ) and quantification ( D ) show the protein levels of GluA3 and α2δ-1 in dorsal spinal cord tissues from WT and Cana2d1- KO mice subjected to sham or SNI surgery ( n = 11 mice per group). β-Actin served as the internal control for normalizing the GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels on the same gel. ** P < 0.01; 2-tailed Student’s t test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Control

    ( A and B ) Representative immunoblot images ( A ) and quantification ( B ) show GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels in HEK293 cells coexpressing GluA3 with YFP-tagged WT α2δ-1 or chimeric constructs [α2δ-1CT (α2δ-2) and α2δ-1CT (α2δ-3) ] ( n = 8 independent experiments per group). ( C and D ) Representative immunoblot images ( C ) and quantification ( D ) show the effects of treatment with control peptide (1 μM), α2δ-1CT peptide (1 μM), pregabalin (PGB; 20 μM), and MG132 (10 μM) on the GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells coexpressing α2δ-1 and GluA3 ( n = 9 independent experiments per group). PT, peptide. GAPDH was used as an internal control for normalizing the GluA3 protein levels on the same gel. *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A and B ) Representative immunoblot images ( A ) and quantification ( B ) show GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels in HEK293 cells coexpressing GluA3 with YFP-tagged WT α2δ-1 or chimeric constructs [α2δ-1CT (α2δ-2) and α2δ-1CT (α2δ-3) ] ( n = 8 independent experiments per group). ( C and D ) Representative immunoblot images ( C ) and quantification ( D ) show the effects of treatment with control peptide (1 μM), α2δ-1CT peptide (1 μM), pregabalin (PGB; 20 μM), and MG132 (10 μM) on the GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells coexpressing α2δ-1 and GluA3 ( n = 9 independent experiments per group). PT, peptide. GAPDH was used as an internal control for normalizing the GluA3 protein levels on the same gel. *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Construct, Control

    ( A ) Time-course effects of intrathecal injection of 20 μg MG132 or vehicle (Veh) on hindpaw nociceptive thresholds in sham and SNL rats 3 weeks after surgery ( n = 9 rats per group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus baseline (time 0); # P < 0.05, ### P < 0.001 versus Veh-SNL group at the same time point; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ( B ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the effect of MG132 treatment on GluA3 protein levels in dorsal spinal cord tissues from SNL and sham rats ( n = 9 rats per group). * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Time-course effects of intrathecal injection of 20 μg MG132 or vehicle (Veh) on hindpaw nociceptive thresholds in sham and SNL rats 3 weeks after surgery ( n = 9 rats per group). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 versus baseline (time 0); # P < 0.05, ### P < 0.001 versus Veh-SNL group at the same time point; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ( B ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the effect of MG132 treatment on GluA3 protein levels in dorsal spinal cord tissues from SNL and sham rats ( n = 9 rats per group). * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001; 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Injection, Western Blot

    ( A ) Representative immunoblot images show the ubiquitin protein levels in GluA3 precipitates from HEK293 cells expressing GluA3 with either pcDNA or α2δ-1 (similar data were obtained from 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the ubiquitin protein levels in GluA3 precipitates from the dorsal spinal cord of sham control and SNL rats ( n = 9 rats per group). Protein extracts from HEK293 cells or spinal cord tissues were immunoprecipitated using a rabbit GluA3 antibody or IgG. Immunoblotting was then conducted using mouse ubiquitin or mouse GluA3 antibodies. The corresponding GluA3 protein bands were used as the internal control on the same gel. ( C and D ) Representative immunoblot images ( C ) and quantification ( D ) show GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells expressing WT GluA3 or GluA3 mutants (K710R, K861R, and K887R) with and without α2δ-1 ( n = 12 independent experiments per group). GAPDH was used as the internal control for normalizing GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels on the same gel. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-tailed Student’s t test in B ; 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in D . Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative immunoblot images show the ubiquitin protein levels in GluA3 precipitates from HEK293 cells expressing GluA3 with either pcDNA or α2δ-1 (similar data were obtained from 4 independent experiments). ( B ) Representative immunoblot images and quantification show the ubiquitin protein levels in GluA3 precipitates from the dorsal spinal cord of sham control and SNL rats ( n = 9 rats per group). Protein extracts from HEK293 cells or spinal cord tissues were immunoprecipitated using a rabbit GluA3 antibody or IgG. Immunoblotting was then conducted using mouse ubiquitin or mouse GluA3 antibodies. The corresponding GluA3 protein bands were used as the internal control on the same gel. ( C and D ) Representative immunoblot images ( C ) and quantification ( D ) show GluA3 protein levels in HEK293 cells expressing WT GluA3 or GluA3 mutants (K710R, K861R, and K887R) with and without α2δ-1 ( n = 12 independent experiments per group). GAPDH was used as the internal control for normalizing GluA3 and α2δ-1 protein levels on the same gel. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-tailed Student’s t test in B ; 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test in D . Data are expressed as means ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Western Blot, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Expressing, Control, Immunoprecipitation

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: List of putative ubiquitinated peptides on GluA3 identified using MS

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques:

    ( A ) Changes in the hindpaw withdrawal thresholds of sham control and SNL rats 2 and 3 weeks after intrathecal injection of control (Cont) lentiviral vectors or lentiviral vectors expressing Gria3 ( n = 13 rats per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ( B and C ) Representative immunoblot images ( B ) and quantification ( C ) show the protein levels of GluA3 and GluA2/GluA3 complexes in the dorsal spinal cords of sham control and SNL rats treated with intrathecal control lentiviruses or Gria3 -expressing lentiviruses ( n = 8 rats per group). Protein extracts from spinal cord tissues were immunoprecipitated (IP) using a GluA2 antibody or IgG. Immunoblotting was then conducted using GluA2, GluA3, and β-actin antibodies. β-Actin protein bands were used as the internal control on the same gel. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ( D and E ) Representative recording traces ( D ) and quantification ( E ) show the differential effect of bath application of IEM-1460 (50 μM) on the amplitude of monosynaptic AMPAR-EPSCs in spinal lamina II neurons from SNL rats treated with intrathecal injection of control lentiviruses or Gria3 -expressing lentiviruses ( n = 18 neurons from 4 rats per group). Data were normalized to the baseline value (100%) before IEM-1460 application. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 versus control vector group at the same time point; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Journal: The Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Article Title: Spinal α 2 δ -1 induces GluA3 degradation to regulate assembly of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors and pain hypersensitivity

    doi: 10.1172/JCI193349

    Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Changes in the hindpaw withdrawal thresholds of sham control and SNL rats 2 and 3 weeks after intrathecal injection of control (Cont) lentiviral vectors or lentiviral vectors expressing Gria3 ( n = 13 rats per group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ( B and C ) Representative immunoblot images ( B ) and quantification ( C ) show the protein levels of GluA3 and GluA2/GluA3 complexes in the dorsal spinal cords of sham control and SNL rats treated with intrathecal control lentiviruses or Gria3 -expressing lentiviruses ( n = 8 rats per group). Protein extracts from spinal cord tissues were immunoprecipitated (IP) using a GluA2 antibody or IgG. Immunoblotting was then conducted using GluA2, GluA3, and β-actin antibodies. β-Actin protein bands were used as the internal control on the same gel. ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ( D and E ) Representative recording traces ( D ) and quantification ( E ) show the differential effect of bath application of IEM-1460 (50 μM) on the amplitude of monosynaptic AMPAR-EPSCs in spinal lamina II neurons from SNL rats treated with intrathecal injection of control lentiviruses or Gria3 -expressing lentiviruses ( n = 18 neurons from 4 rats per group). Data were normalized to the baseline value (100%) before IEM-1460 application. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 versus control vector group at the same time point; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

    Article Snippet: The rabbit anti-GluA3 antibody (mAb5117, Cell Signaling Technology) or rabbit anti-GluA2 antibody (AB10529, EMD Millipore) was preincubated with protein G agarose beads at 25°C for 1 h, and the protein samples were then exposed to the antibody-conjugated beads at 4°C overnight.

    Techniques: Control, Injection, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Plasmid Preparation