il 8  (R&D Systems)

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Concentration-dependent change in the humoral inflammatory response following incubation with Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) in the ex vivo whole blood model. a Absolute plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9 determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. b Normalized values and EC 50 curve fit by BuC=0% and 50 000 CFU/ml E. coli= 100%, respectively, for IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9 as indicated by EC 50 (%) on the respective Y-axis. BuC indicates buffer control after 60 min incubation; numbers on the X-axis indicate E. coli bacteria in concentrations of 2000 to 50 000 CFU/ml after 60 min incubation; LPS indicates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 100 ng/ml after 60 min incubation. Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test, comparing all shown concentrations of E. coli bacteria and 100 ng/ml LPS with BuC. P -values are indicated above the respective data points. ⁎ P <0.05, ⁎⁎ P <0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P <0.001. CFU. Colony-forming units; IL. Interleukin; MMP9. Matrix metallopeptidase 9.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation, Ex Vivo, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagnostic performance for the detection of bacteremia, analyzing the neutrophil phenotype by determining the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) and the cellular response capacity (CRC) in comparison with traditional markers of humoral inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, MMP9). a Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) at 10,000 CFU/ml Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) with the respective 95% confidence interval (CI) and P -value, and half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) as a function of the E. coli concentration. b Detailed comparison of the EC 50 as a function of the E. coli concentration. c Exemplary comparison of EC 50 curve fit after normalization as indicated by EC 50 (%) on the respective Y-axis to BuC=100% and 50 000 CFU/ml E. coli =0% for the humoral marker IL-6 (the IL-6 values were multiplied by −1 before EC 50 calculation to facilitate comparability with the CRC) and the change in neutrophil phenotype represented by CD11b CRC. BuC indicates buffer control after 60 min incubation; numbers on the X-axis of c indicate E. coli bacteria in concentrations of 2000 to 50 000 CFU/ml after 60 min incubation. Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test, evaluating the EC 50 of IL-8, MMP9, the MFI, and CRC of CD10, CD11b, and CD62L in comparison to the EC 50 of IL-6. P -values are indicated above the respective data points. ⁎ P <0.05. CFU. Colony-forming units; IL. Interleukin; MMP9. Matrix metallopeptidase 9.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Fluorescence, Comparison, Concentration Assay, Marker, Control, Incubation, Bacteria

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical specifications and parameters over all time points of the sepsis cohort. a Suspected infection cause of sepsis. b Distribution of the individual score points of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. c Total SOFA score. d-h Traditional and humoral markers of inflammation: leukocytes and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ( d ), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) ( e ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) ( f ), serum amyloid A (SAA) and calprotectin ( g ), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) ( h ). Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =14. CNS. Central nervous system; HV. Healthy volunteers.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Paired PD complement biomarker changes during iptacopan treatment

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Paired PD complement biomarker changes during pegcetacoplan treatment

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pathway-based organization and patient-level interpretation of complement biomarkers during proximal complement inhibition. (a) Complement biomarkers are organized into 4 biologically related axes: C3 response, alternative pathway amplification and factor B turnover, terminal pathway control, and functional pathway activity. Pegcetacoplan inhibits C3/C3b, whereas iptacopan inhibits factor B. The curved arrow represents the alternative pathway amplification loop feeding back into C3 activation. (b) Patient-level classification of on-treatment pharmacodynamic biomarker profiles. LPDC, largely PD-concordant; PDC, PD-concordant; PDD, PD-discordant.

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Inhibition, Amplification, Control, Functional Assay, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expected on-treatment pharmacodynamic biomarker patterns during factor B and C3/C3b inhibition

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Inhibition

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pathway activity before and after proximal complement inhibition with iptacopan or pegcetacoplan. (a) Alternative pathway activity (APFA) was suppressed after treatment in both cohorts. Several patients had absent or near-absent APFA at baseline, creating a floor effect. (b) Classical pathway activity (CH50) increased after iptacopan and was generally preserved or increased after pegcetacoplan. With iptacopan, CH50 recovery is consistent with AP blockade and recovery of circulating C3. With pegcetacoplan, preserved or increased CH50 should not be interpreted in isolation as absence of target engagement. (c) Immunofixation electrophoresis of patient serum mixed 1:1 with normal human serum under EDTA or EGTA/MgCl 2 conditions. EDTA suppresses complement activation, whereas EGTA/MgCl 2 permits AP activation. At baseline, C3 activation products (C3AP) were detectable under EGTA/MgCl 2 conditions. After treatment, these products disappeared in both treatment groups, consistent with suppression of fluid-phase AP activation. In pegcetacoplan-treated samples, a slower-migrating C3-reactive band was observed, compatible with pegcetacoplan-bound C3 (Peg-C3). Filled circles with solid lines = PDC; open circles with dashed lines = LPDC; triangles = PDD. EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EGTA, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid; LPDC, largely PD-concordant; PDC, PD-concordant; PDD, PD-discordant.

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Inhibition, Isolation, Drug discovery, Electrophoresis, Activation Assay

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pegcetacoplan fully suppresses AP activity but incompletely suppresses CH50 in vitro . (a) Pegcetacoplan was added to pooled normal human serum at increasing molar ratios relative to C3. AP functional activity (red line), measured with the Wieslab AP assay, was completely suppressed at approximately a 1:1 pegcetacoplan:C3 molar ratio. In contrast, CH50 (blue line) decreased but remained detectable even at a 4:1 ratio, indicating different sensitivities of the two functional assays to pegcetacoplan. (b) C3 immunofixation electrophoresis showed a concentration-dependent increase in a slower-migrating band consistent with pegcetacoplan-bound C3 (Peg-C3) and a corresponding reduction in free C3. Free C3 remained detectable even in the presence of excess pegcetacoplan. Purified C3, shown as the circled dot in the second lane, served as an antibody control. (c) Addition of increasing concentrations of CP40, a competing C3-binding peptide, reduced the pegcetacoplan-C3 band and increased the free-C3 band, supporting concentration-dependent and reversible binding of pegcetacoplan to C3.

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Activity Assay, In Vitro, Functional Assay, Electrophoresis, Concentration Assay, Purification, Control, Binding Assay

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Distinct Pharmacodynamic Complement Biomarker Signatures Define Iptacopan and Pegcetacoplan Treatment in C3 Glomerulopathy

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.107087

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomarker profile in Peg#6 during pegcetacoplan treatment and after post-transplant switch to iptacopan

Article Snippet: The Quidel MicroVue CH50 Eq EIA kit was used only for the pegcetacoplan spiking experiments.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Concentration-dependent change in the humoral inflammatory response following incubation with Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) in the ex vivo whole blood model. a Absolute plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9 determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. b Normalized values and EC 50 curve fit by BuC=0% and 50 000 CFU/ml E. coli= 100%, respectively, for IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9 as indicated by EC 50 (%) on the respective Y-axis. BuC indicates buffer control after 60 min incubation; numbers on the X-axis indicate E. coli bacteria in concentrations of 2000 to 50 000 CFU/ml after 60 min incubation; LPS indicates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 100 ng/ml after 60 min incubation. Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test, comparing all shown concentrations of E. coli bacteria and 100 ng/ml LPS with BuC. P -values are indicated above the respective data points. ⁎ P <0.05, ⁎⁎ P <0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P <0.001. CFU. Colony-forming units; IL. Interleukin; MMP9. Matrix metallopeptidase 9.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation, Ex Vivo, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagnostic performance for the detection of bacteremia, analyzing the neutrophil phenotype by determining the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) and the cellular response capacity (CRC) in comparison with traditional markers of humoral inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, MMP9). a Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) at 10,000 CFU/ml Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) with the respective 95% confidence interval (CI) and P -value, and half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) as a function of the E. coli concentration. b Detailed comparison of the EC 50 as a function of the E. coli concentration. c Exemplary comparison of EC 50 curve fit after normalization as indicated by EC 50 (%) on the respective Y-axis to BuC=100% and 50 000 CFU/ml E. coli =0% for the humoral marker IL-6 (the IL-6 values were multiplied by −1 before EC 50 calculation to facilitate comparability with the CRC) and the change in neutrophil phenotype represented by CD11b CRC. BuC indicates buffer control after 60 min incubation; numbers on the X-axis of c indicate E. coli bacteria in concentrations of 2000 to 50 000 CFU/ml after 60 min incubation. Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test, evaluating the EC 50 of IL-8, MMP9, the MFI, and CRC of CD10, CD11b, and CD62L in comparison to the EC 50 of IL-6. P -values are indicated above the respective data points. ⁎ P <0.05. CFU. Colony-forming units; IL. Interleukin; MMP9. Matrix metallopeptidase 9.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Fluorescence, Comparison, Concentration Assay, Marker, Control, Incubation, Bacteria

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical specifications and parameters over all time points of the sepsis cohort. a Suspected infection cause of sepsis. b Distribution of the individual score points of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. c Total SOFA score. d-h Traditional and humoral markers of inflammation: leukocytes and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ( d ), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) ( e ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) ( f ), serum amyloid A (SAA) and calprotectin ( g ), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) ( h ). Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =14. CNS. Central nervous system; HV. Healthy volunteers.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Dynamic feedback BacGuard anchors microbial metabolism to host symbiosis in real-time ulcerative colitis therapy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.060

Figure Lengend Snippet: BacGuard promotes colon tissue repairment. a) Scheme of microbiota-dependent epithelial repair mechanism orchestrated by BacGuard. b) Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile alterations. n = 6. c) BacGuard-induced probiotic proliferation and d) quantitative results. n = 3. e) Immunofluorescence analysis of ILC3 (ROR γt + CD3 − cells) in colon tissue. f) Flow cytometric analysis of lamina propria lymphocytes (ROR γt + ). n = 3. g) Concentration of IL-22 in MNK-3 cells. n = 3. h) Representative PAS-staining (upper panel) and MUC-2 immunohistochemistry (lower panel) images of colon tissues. n = 5. ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For the detection of IL-22 and LPS concentrations, the Mouse IL-22 Precoated ELISA Kit (DAKEWE, China) and Mouse LPS ELISA Kit (JONLNBIO, China) were employed correspondingly.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Concentration Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemistry