chlorin e6 trisodium salt  (Frontier Specialty Chemicals Inc)

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: In vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Polymicrobial Biofilms Commonly Associated With Otitis Media

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.558482

Figure Lengend Snippet: aPDT treatment of dual and triple species biofilms. Dual species biofilms of (A) M. catarrhalis (green) and NTHi (blue), (B) S. pneumoniae (red) and NTHi (blue), (C) S. pneumoniae (red) and M. catarrhalis (green), and triple species biofilms (D) were incubated for 15 min with 10 mM Ce6 followed by a 20 min 405 nm LED exposure. Surviving bacteria were quantitated by CFU enumeration. Bars represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent assays with a minimum of two technical replicates. Dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. ∅ indicates no detectable CFU were enumerated for the test condition. Statistically significant differences are denoted as * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: A > 98% pure Chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) in 30 mg vials (Fotolon ® , Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was used in all the experiments.

Techniques: Incubation, Bacteria, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: In vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Polymicrobial Biofilms Commonly Associated With Otitis Media

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.558482

Figure Lengend Snippet: Extended drug incubation time of dual and triple species biofilms did not increase aPDT efficacy. Dual species biofilms of (A) M. catarrhalis (green) and NTHi (blue), (B) S. pneumoniae (red) and NTHi (blue), (C) S. pneumoniae (red) and M. catarrhalis (green), and triple species biofilms (D) were incubated for 30 min with 10 μM Ce6 followed by a 20 min 405 nm LED exposure. Surviving bacteria were quantitated by CFU enumeration. Bars represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent assays with a minimum of two technical replicates. Dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. ∅ indicates no detectable CFU were enumerated for the test condition. Statistically significant differences are denoted as ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: A > 98% pure Chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) in 30 mg vials (Fotolon ® , Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was used in all the experiments.

Techniques: Incubation, Bacteria, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: In vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Polymicrobial Biofilms Commonly Associated With Otitis Media

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.558482

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increased drug concentration did not increase aPDT efficacy and dark toxicity was observed. Dual species biofilms of (A) M. catarrhalis (green) and NTHi (blue), (B) S. pneumoniae (red) and NTHi (blue), (C) S. pneumoniae (red) and M. catarrhalis (green), and triple species biofilms (D) were incubated for 30 min with 100 μM Ce6 followed by a 20 min 405 nm LED exposure. Surviving bacteria were quantitated by CFU enumeration. Bars represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent assays with a minimum of two technical replicates. Dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. ∅ indicates no detectable CFU were enumerated for the test condition. Statistically significant differences are denoted as * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: A > 98% pure Chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) in 30 mg vials (Fotolon ® , Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was used in all the experiments.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation, Bacteria, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: In vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Polymicrobial Biofilms Commonly Associated With Otitis Media

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.558482

Figure Lengend Snippet: Successive aPDT treatments of dual and triple species biofilms improved treatment efficacy. (A) Single treatment. Biofilms were incubated for 15 min with 10 μM Ce6 followed by a 20 min 405 nm LED exposure. (B) Dual treatment. Biofilms were treated twice using the above parameters in two sequential cycles. Surviving biofilm-associated S. pneumoniae (red), M. catarrhalis (green), and NTHi (blue) were quantified by CFU enumeration. Dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. Statistically significant differences are denoted as ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: A > 98% pure Chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) in 30 mg vials (Fotolon ® , Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was used in all the experiments.

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Is Bactericidal against Biofilms of the Primary Human Otopathogens

doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00492-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bactericidal effects of Ce6-aPDT on planktonic cultures (A) and established biofilms (B) of M. catarrhalis 7169 (Mcat), S. pneumoniae EF3030 (Spn), and NTHi 86-026NP (NTJi). Total light dosage was 12 J/cm 2 (100 mW/cm 2 , 2 min) using 1 μM Ce6 for all planktonic assessments and 90 J/cm 2 (100 mW/cm 2 , 15 min) using 10 μM Ce6 for biofilm assays. Control sets were exposed to Ce6 but not light (+PS–L), light in the absence of Ce6 (–PS+L), or were not treated (–PS–L). Survival of bacteria, both planktonic and biofilm-associated, was determined by viable plate counts. All bacteria exposed to aPDT treatment (+PS+L) were significantly decreased in viability compared to that of the controls (–PS–L) with a >99.9% kill rate. The dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. The data are presented as the means ± SDs, with individual data points shown. ns, not significant; * , P = 0.0327; *** * , P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: High-purity (>98%) lyophilized chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) (Fotolon; Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was handled in the dark to restrict ambient light exposure.

Techniques: Control, Bacteria

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Is Bactericidal against Biofilms of the Primary Human Otopathogens

doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00492-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Viability of biofilm-detached bacteria (hatched bars) was assessed by evaluating surviving CFU in the surrounding saline supernatant following aPDT of M. catarrhalis 7169 (Mcat), S. pneumoniae EF3030 (Spn), and NTHi 86-026NP (NTHi) biofilms (solid bars). There were no surviving bacteria (≤10 CFU) detected in the surrounding saline following Ce6-aPDT of the biofilms compared to the untreated control groups (≥10 6 CFU), indicating that bacteria that detach from the biofilms in response to aPDT are not viable. The dashed line indicates the limit of detection. The data are presented as the means ± SDs, with independent replicates shown. *** * , P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: High-purity (>98%) lyophilized chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) (Fotolon; Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was handled in the dark to restrict ambient light exposure.

Techniques: Bacteria, Saline, Control

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Is Bactericidal against Biofilms of the Primary Human Otopathogens

doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00492-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative SEM images (×5,000 magnification) of M. catarrhalis 7169 (A), S. pneumoniae EF3030 (B), and NTHi 86-026NP (C) biofilms before (left) and after (right) Ce6-aPDT treatment.

Article Snippet: High-purity (>98%) lyophilized chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) (Fotolon; Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was handled in the dark to restrict ambient light exposure.

Techniques:

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Is Bactericidal against Biofilms of the Primary Human Otopathogens

doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00492-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Efficacy of two sequential treatments of Ce6-aPDT was evaluated on biofilms of M. catarrhalis 7169 (A) and S. pneumoniae EF3030 (B). NTHi 86-026NP biofilms were omitted from this analysis because the single aPDT treatment was sterilizing. Biofilms were subjected to one round of Ce6-aPDT (1× aPDT at a total light dosage of 90 J/cm 2 using 10 μM Ce6; solid bars) or immediately retreated with a second round (2× aPDT) using the exact same treatment parameters (hatched bars). Dual treatment completely eradicated all viable biofilm-associated bacteria (≤10 CFU) compared to untreated controls (≥10 5 CFU) in both organisms. The dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. The data are presented as the means ± SDs, with independent replicates shown. ns, not significant; * , P = 0.0281; *** * , P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: High-purity (>98%) lyophilized chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) (Fotolon; Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was handled in the dark to restrict ambient light exposure.

Techniques: Bacteria

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Chlorin e6 Is Bactericidal against Biofilms of the Primary Human Otopathogens

doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00492-20

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ce6-aPDT is effective at preventing bacterial regrowth and biofilm reestablishment 24 h following dual treatment. Biofilms of M. catarrhalis 7169 (A), S. pneumoniae EF3030 (B), and NTHi 86-026NP (C) were exposed to a single (gray bars, open symbols) or dual (white bars, closed symbols) Ce6-aPDT treatments (total light dosage of 90 J/cm 2 using 10 μM Ce6). The surviving biofilm-associated bacteria were enumerated to assess viability immediately following treatment ( t = 0, solid bars) or 24 h posttreatment (t = 24 h, lined bars). The dashed lines indicate the limit of detection. The data are presented as the means ± SDs, with independent replicates shown. ns, not significant; ** * , P = 0.0008; *** * , P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: High-purity (>98%) lyophilized chlorin e6 trisodium salt (Ce6) (Fotolon; Apocare Pharma GmbH, Bielefeld, Germany) was handled in the dark to restrict ambient light exposure.

Techniques: Bacteria