Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: MSC-mimicking nanovesicle embedded bio-adhesive hydrogel for dual immunomodulation and osteogenesis to promote maxillofacial bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo evaluation of bone regeneration after hydrogel implantation in the mandibular bone defect mouse model. a) Schematic illustration of the mandibular bone defect mouse model. b) Micro-CT 3D reconstruction images of the mandibular bone samples at 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery. Scale bar = 1 mm. c) Semi-quantitative analysis of BV/TV, bone surface, Tb.N and Tb.sp (n = 6) in mouse mandibular bone defects implanted with different hydrogels at 8 weeks post-surgery. d) H&E staining and Masson trichrome staining of tissue sections of mandibular defects at 8 weeks post-surgery. Scale bar = 100 μm. e, f) Immunofluorescent staining images and corresponding semi-quantitative analysis of the expression levels of RUNX2 and OCN in mandibular bone defect areas at 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery (n = 3). Scale bar = 50 μm. P-values are calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, n.s. not significant ( a was created with bioRender. com).

Article Snippet: Briefly, tissue sections underwent antigen retrieval (37 °C, 30 min), blocked by 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA, RT, 1 h), then sequentially incubated (4 °C) with lineage-specific probes: macrophage marker F4/80 (1:200, Cat. sc-52664, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and CD68 (1:250, Cat. 14-0681-81, ThermoFisher, USA), CD206 (1:500, Cat. 24595T, Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and Arg-1 (1:250, Cat. 82975, Proteintech, China) for a M2 marker, iNOS (1:500, Cat. ab178945, Abcam, UK) and CD86 (1:300, Cat. DF6332, Affinity, China) for a M1 marker, RUNX2 (1:150, Cat. sc390351, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and OCN (1:150, Cat. sc390877, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) for osteogenesis markers, VEGF (1:50, Cat. sc57496, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and CD31 (1:50, Cat. sc20071, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) for angiogenesis markers, and CD146 (1:200, Cat. Ab75769, Abcam, UK) for stem cell surface marker, overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: In Vivo, Micro-CT, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: MSC-mimicking nanovesicle embedded bio-adhesive hydrogel for dual immunomodulation and osteogenesis to promote maxillofacial bone regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.032

Figure Lengend Snippet: The PEG-pp@nMSC@MT hydrogel effectively promotes BMMSCs' osteogenesis in vitro . a) Schematic illustration of co-culture BMMSCs with hydrogels. b) ALP staining of BMMSCs co-cultured with different scaffolds after 7 days. Scale bar = 500 μm. c) Semi-quantitative analysis of ALP staining (n = 3). d) ARS staining of BMMSC co-cultured with different scaffolds after 21 days. Scale bar = 500 μm. e) Semi-quantitative analysis of ARS staining (n = 3). f) mRNA expression of osteogenic genes (BMP2, OCN, and RUNX2) of BMMSCs treated with different hydrogels in the MMP condition after 5 and 10 days (n = 3). g) Western blot analysis of osteogenic protein (BMP2 and RUNX2) of BMMSCs treated with different hydrogels in the MMP condition after 7 and 14 days. P-values are calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, n.s. not significant ( a was created with bioRender. com).

Article Snippet: Briefly, tissue sections underwent antigen retrieval (37 °C, 30 min), blocked by 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA, RT, 1 h), then sequentially incubated (4 °C) with lineage-specific probes: macrophage marker F4/80 (1:200, Cat. sc-52664, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and CD68 (1:250, Cat. 14-0681-81, ThermoFisher, USA), CD206 (1:500, Cat. 24595T, Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and Arg-1 (1:250, Cat. 82975, Proteintech, China) for a M2 marker, iNOS (1:500, Cat. ab178945, Abcam, UK) and CD86 (1:300, Cat. DF6332, Affinity, China) for a M1 marker, RUNX2 (1:150, Cat. sc390351, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and OCN (1:150, Cat. sc390877, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) for osteogenesis markers, VEGF (1:50, Cat. sc57496, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and CD31 (1:50, Cat. sc20071, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) for angiogenesis markers, and CD146 (1:200, Cat. Ab75769, Abcam, UK) for stem cell surface marker, overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: In Vitro, Co-Culture Assay, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Bacteria-responsive DNAgel system for targeted delivery of photothermally enhanced MXene/MoS 2 in the treatment of pyogenic osteomyelitis

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.10.023

Figure Lengend Snippet: MXMoS 2 DNAgel effectively accelerates bone regeneration and suppresses infection in pyogenic osteomyelitis. (A) Schematic diagram of the treatment procedure of suppurative osteomyelitis mice. (B) Bacterial colonies in mice wounds before and after NIR treatment. (C) Quantification of bacterial colony counts. (D) 3D micro-CT reconstruction of maxilla at 4 weeks after different treatment. Representative images of H&E and Masson's trichrome staining of the maxilla at 4 weeks treatment. Immunofluorescence staining for IL-6 (red), TRAP (red) and OCN (red) in maxilla. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). (E) BMD and (F) BV/TV analyses of newly formed bone calculated based on micro-CT. (G – I) Quantitative analysis of the ROI. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5 mice per group). ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies for immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining—including ARG1 and iNOS, TRAP, β-Catenin, OCN and WNT4—were obtained from Proteintech (China).

Techniques: Infection, Micro-CT, Staining, Immunofluorescence