other:Article Title: The N, P co-doped carbon-loading Ni<sub>3</sub>P@Ni heterojunction nanocomposites derived from polybenzimidazoles grafted with oxygen-phosphorus group as high-efficiency electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction
Article Snippet: Interfacial engineering-induced structural optimization is considered an expectant strategy to elevate the electrochemical activities of earth-abundant electrocatalysts.. Herein, the pioneering architecture of Ni3P@Ni heterojunctions embedded onto N, P co-doped C substrates was effectuated by a combination of the wet-impregnation process of Ni/polybenzimidazoles containing an oxygen-phosphorus group (PBI-OP) precursor and phosphating/carbonization treatment to obtain the Ni3P@Ni/CNP electrocatalyst.. It provides substantial Ni3P@Ni heterojunction interfacial sites, and the strong interaction between Ni3P@Ni nanosheets and CNP microspheres promotes the rearrangement of the electronic configuration to modify the electrochemically active sites while enhancing the structural stability and promoting interfacial electron transfer, thus improving the electrocatalytic activity of OER.
Article Title: Catalytic N 2 Reduction to Silylamines and Thermodynamics of N 2 Binding at Square Planar Fe.
Article Snippet: The geometric constraints imposed by a tetradentate P4N2 ligand play an essential role in stabilizing square planar Fe complexes with changes in metal oxidation state.. The square pyramidal Fe(N2)(P4N2) complex catalyzes the conversion of N2 to N(SiR3)3 (R = Me, Et) at room temperature, representing the highest turnover number (TON) of any Fe-based N2 silylation catalyst to date (up to 65 equiv N(SiMe3)3 per Fe center).. Elevated N2 pressures (> 1 atm) have a dramatic effect on catalysis, increasing N2 solubility and the thermodynamic N2 binding affinity at Fe(N2)(P4N2).
Saline:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
Membrane:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
Modification:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
Staining:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
cDNA Synthesis:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
CCK-8 Assay:Article Title: Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Inspired Microneedle Platform for NIR‐responsive Immunomodulation and Accelerated Chronic Wound Healing
Article Snippet: .. The materials used were sodium hyaluronate (HA‐EP1; Bloomage BioTechnology Corporation Limited, China); Ti 3 C 2 powder (MX; Invisible Inc., South Korea): Polydeoxy‐ribonucleotide (PDRN, DNA, Genoss, South Korea); PDMS Sylgard 184 (Dow Corning, USA); tert‐Butyl acrylate (tBA), Rhodamin B, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), nicototinamide (NA), streptozotocin (STZ), citrate buffer solution (0.09 M), LPS; (Sigma–Aldrich, USA); Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS, pH 7.4 Welgene, South Korea); 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA; Arkema, South Korea); Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Omnirad 819) (IGM Resins, Netherlands); Vybrant DiD Cell‐Labeling Solution (Invitrogen, USA); Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane (Avanti Polar Lipids, USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (PS), and RPMI 1640 (Gibco, USA); endothelial cell growth medium (EGM) (PromoCell, Germany); granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and ELISA kits (R&D Systems, USA); FITC‐conjugated anti‐mouse F4/80 and CD11c, PE‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86, APC‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and CD206, Alexa 594‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD80 and iNOS, Alexa 647‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD86 and CD163, APC/Cy7‐conjugated anti‐mouse CD40, APC‐conjugated anti‐human CD90, PE‐conjugated anti‐human CD105, FITC‐conjugated anti‐human CD34, Annexin V‐FITC, and PI staining kits (BioLegend, USA); TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA); complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis kit (Bioneer, South Korea); and CCK‐8 assay kit (DoGenBio, South Korea). .. The following equipment were used: Cryo‐TEM, JEM‐2100F, JEOL, Japan), NTA (Zetaview, Particle Metrix, Germany), DLS (Malvern, USA), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy (Cary 630 FT‐IR, Agilent, USA). field‐emission SEM (FE‐SEM (S‐4800, HITACHI, Japan) and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, S‐10, Oxford Ins., UK), XRD (Miniflex 600, Rigaku inc., Tokyo, Japan), thermo‐gravimetric analyzer (TGA2, Mettler‐Toledo, Germany), universal testing machine (UTM, MTDI Inc., Korea), nanodrop spectrophotometer (ND‐1000 Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), flow cytometer (CytoFLEX, Beckman Coulter, USA), StepOnePlus Real‐Time PCR System (qRT‐PCR; StepOnePlus, Applied Biosystems, USA), NIS Elements (ECLIPSE Ti2, Nikon, USA), Thermal imaging camera (FLIR E54, FLIR Systems Inc., USA).
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