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Structured Review

Valiant Co Ltd forskolin fsk
<t>Forskolin-induced</t> activation of PKA reduces nuclear localization of VACM-1 and Nedd8 in control but not S730AVACM-1 cDNA-transfected cells. A, control cells treated with 10 μm <t>FSK</t> for at least 45 min (FSK-45′) were fixed and immunostained with anti-VACM-1-specific (green) and anti-Nedd8-specific (red) antibodies, as described under “Experimental Procedures.” Nuclear staining was monitored with DAPI. To show the disappearance of nuclear localization of VACM-1 protein after treatment with FSK, the signals were overlaid. The edge of the wound area is at the top left of the slide. B, control and S730AVACM-1 cDNA-transfected cells treated with 10 μm FSK for at least 45 min were fixed and immunostained as described above (A). To show the disappearance of nuclear localization of VACM-1 protein after treatment with FSK, the signals were overlaid. The edge of the wound area is at the top left of the slide.
Forskolin Fsk, supplied by Valiant Co Ltd, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 34 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/0219066901/Forskolin/pmc02836093-227-0-5
Average 93 stars, based on 34 article reviews
forskolin fsk - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
93/100 stars

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1) Product Images from "Phosphorylation of VACM-1/Cul5 by Protein Kinase A Regulates Its Neddylation and Antiproliferative Effect * "

Article Title: Phosphorylation of VACM-1/Cul5 by Protein Kinase A Regulates Its Neddylation and Antiproliferative Effect *

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.085225

Forskolin-induced activation of PKA reduces nuclear localization of VACM-1 and Nedd8 in control but not S730AVACM-1 cDNA-transfected cells. A, control cells treated with 10 μm FSK for at least 45 min (FSK-45′) were fixed and immunostained with anti-VACM-1-specific (green) and anti-Nedd8-specific (red) antibodies, as described under “Experimental Procedures.” Nuclear staining was monitored with DAPI. To show the disappearance of nuclear localization of VACM-1 protein after treatment with FSK, the signals were overlaid. The edge of the wound area is at the top left of the slide. B, control and S730AVACM-1 cDNA-transfected cells treated with 10 μm FSK for at least 45 min were fixed and immunostained as described above (A). To show the disappearance of nuclear localization of VACM-1 protein after treatment with FSK, the signals were overlaid. The edge of the wound area is at the top left of the slide.
Figure Legend Snippet: Forskolin-induced activation of PKA reduces nuclear localization of VACM-1 and Nedd8 in control but not S730AVACM-1 cDNA-transfected cells. A, control cells treated with 10 μm FSK for at least 45 min (FSK-45′) were fixed and immunostained with anti-VACM-1-specific (green) and anti-Nedd8-specific (red) antibodies, as described under “Experimental Procedures.” Nuclear staining was monitored with DAPI. To show the disappearance of nuclear localization of VACM-1 protein after treatment with FSK, the signals were overlaid. The edge of the wound area is at the top left of the slide. B, control and S730AVACM-1 cDNA-transfected cells treated with 10 μm FSK for at least 45 min were fixed and immunostained as described above (A). To show the disappearance of nuclear localization of VACM-1 protein after treatment with FSK, the signals were overlaid. The edge of the wound area is at the top left of the slide.

Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Transfection, Staining

Related Articles

Knock-Out:

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Article Snippet: Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 3, Iran; Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Diagnostic Assay:

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigma Cat# H8502), Haloperidol (MilliporeSigma Cat# H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023) with 0.5 mM MgCl 2 and 0.1% glucose, TE-buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl 5 mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO 2 .

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing.
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigmaCat#H8502),Haloperidol (MilliporeSigmaCat#H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023)with0.5mMMgCl2 and0.1%glucose, TE-buffer: 50mM Tris-HCl 5mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. Culture and transfection of clonal cell lines HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.

Saline:

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigma Cat# H8502), Haloperidol (MilliporeSigma Cat# H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023) with 0.5 mM MgCl 2 and 0.1% glucose, TE-buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl 5 mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO 2 .

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing.
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigmaCat#H8502),Haloperidol (MilliporeSigmaCat#H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023)with0.5mMMgCl2 and0.1%glucose, TE-buffer: 50mM Tris-HCl 5mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. Culture and transfection of clonal cell lines HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.

Modification:

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigma Cat# H8502), Haloperidol (MilliporeSigma Cat# H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023) with 0.5 mM MgCl 2 and 0.1% glucose, TE-buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl 5 mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO 2 .

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing.
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigmaCat#H8502),Haloperidol (MilliporeSigmaCat#H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023)with0.5mMMgCl2 and0.1%glucose, TE-buffer: 50mM Tris-HCl 5mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. Culture and transfection of clonal cell lines HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.

Luciferase:

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigma Cat# H8502), Haloperidol (MilliporeSigma Cat# H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023) with 0.5 mM MgCl 2 and 0.1% glucose, TE-buffer: 50 mM Tris-HCl 5 mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO 2 .

Article Title: Cryo-EM structure of human class C orphan GPCR GPR179 involved in visual processing.
Article Snippet: .. Dopamine hydrochloride (MilliporeSigmaCat#H8502),Haloperidol (MilliporeSigmaCat#H1512), Glycine (National Diagnostic # EC405), Forskolin (MP Biomedicals #66575-29-9), Dulbecco’s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) (Gibco Cat#10010-023)with0.5mMMgCl2 and0.1%glucose, TE-buffer: 50mM Tris-HCl 5mM EDTA pH=7.4, glycine ultrapure (EC405 National Diagnostic), OptiMEM (Gibco # 31985070), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11965-092), Fetal bovine serum (Genesee Scientific Cat# 25-550), Sodium pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11360-070), MEM non-essential amino acids (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 11140-050), Penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat#15140-122), Matrigel (Corning Cat# 356230), METAFECTENE® PRO (RKP203/RK092820, Biontex Germany), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (MilliporeSigma Cat# D5652), Nano-Glo luciferase (N113B Promega). .. Culture and transfection of clonal cell lines HEK293FT cells (Catalog #CRL-1573) were obtained from ATCC and grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (v/v), minimum Eagle’s medium non-essential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 units/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.

Activity Assay:

Article Title: Endogenous ligands of bovine FFAR2/GPR43 display distinct pharmacological properties
Article Snippet: .. In the case of the Gα i activity assay, however, after baseline measurement, cells were incubated with DMEM containing 5 μM of coelenterazine H and 10 μM of forskolin (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, United States; Cat. No. 11446071). ..

Incubation:

Article Title: Endogenous ligands of bovine FFAR2/GPR43 display distinct pharmacological properties
Article Snippet: .. In the case of the Gα i activity assay, however, after baseline measurement, cells were incubated with DMEM containing 5 μM of coelenterazine H and 10 μM of forskolin (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, United States; Cat. No. 11446071). ..

other:

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Valiant Co Ltd forskolin
(A) Radar plots of Gα i subunit family activity upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M, C8:0 at 1 mM, and the other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and ONE-GO biosensors (Gα i1 , Gα i2 , Gα i3 , Gα OA , Gα OB , and Gα Z , individually) at a 1:1 ratio. FFAs were added, and signals were monitored for 40 min. The AUC generated by each compound was plotted as the ratio of C6:0 in radar plots. The results are shown as the mean from at least three independent experiments. (B) Kinetic curves of Gα i activity measured by cAMP production upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M and other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and cAMP sensor CAMYEL at a 1:6 ratio. Cells were first stimulated with <t>forskolin,</t> which is a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase that results in higher levels of cAMP in the cell. Then, FFAs were added (time = 0 min), and signals were monitored for 40 min. As FFAs activate Gα i , an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, there is a decrease in cellular cAMP. Delta BRET was calculated as the difference in net BRET of cells stimulated with FFA + forskolin and cells stimulated with forskolin only. (C) Kinetic curves of Gα q activity upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M and other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and ONE-GO biosensor at a 1:1 ratio. Then, FFAs were added (time = 0 min), and signals were monitored for 40 min. Gα q activity was measured by a Gα q –GTP detector molecule. Kinetic curves were plotted as a function of time. The results are shown as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Color coding represents the classification FFAs into three different groups based on their maximum response toward the three different recruitment assays (mGα q , mGα i , and β-arrestin 2): (A) full agonists (green; C5:0, C6:0, and 3MB), (B) partial/full agonists (orange; C4:0 and C7:0), and (C) partial agonists (blue; C2:0, C3:0, C8:0, 2MB, and 2MP).
Forskolin, supplied by Valiant Co Ltd, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/0219066901/Forskolin/pmc12405480-115-28-29
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
forskolin - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
93/100 stars
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Image Search Results


(A) Radar plots of Gα i subunit family activity upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M, C8:0 at 1 mM, and the other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and ONE-GO biosensors (Gα i1 , Gα i2 , Gα i3 , Gα OA , Gα OB , and Gα Z , individually) at a 1:1 ratio. FFAs were added, and signals were monitored for 40 min. The AUC generated by each compound was plotted as the ratio of C6:0 in radar plots. The results are shown as the mean from at least three independent experiments. (B) Kinetic curves of Gα i activity measured by cAMP production upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M and other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and cAMP sensor CAMYEL at a 1:6 ratio. Cells were first stimulated with forskolin, which is a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase that results in higher levels of cAMP in the cell. Then, FFAs were added (time = 0 min), and signals were monitored for 40 min. As FFAs activate Gα i , an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, there is a decrease in cellular cAMP. Delta BRET was calculated as the difference in net BRET of cells stimulated with FFA + forskolin and cells stimulated with forskolin only. (C) Kinetic curves of Gα q activity upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M and other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and ONE-GO biosensor at a 1:1 ratio. Then, FFAs were added (time = 0 min), and signals were monitored for 40 min. Gα q activity was measured by a Gα q –GTP detector molecule. Kinetic curves were plotted as a function of time. The results are shown as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Color coding represents the classification FFAs into three different groups based on their maximum response toward the three different recruitment assays (mGα q , mGα i , and β-arrestin 2): (A) full agonists (green; C5:0, C6:0, and 3MB), (B) partial/full agonists (orange; C4:0 and C7:0), and (C) partial agonists (blue; C2:0, C3:0, C8:0, 2MB, and 2MP).

Journal: Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

Article Title: Endogenous ligands of bovine FFAR2/GPR43 display distinct pharmacological properties

doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1645031

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Radar plots of Gα i subunit family activity upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M, C8:0 at 1 mM, and the other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and ONE-GO biosensors (Gα i1 , Gα i2 , Gα i3 , Gα OA , Gα OB , and Gα Z , individually) at a 1:1 ratio. FFAs were added, and signals were monitored for 40 min. The AUC generated by each compound was plotted as the ratio of C6:0 in radar plots. The results are shown as the mean from at least three independent experiments. (B) Kinetic curves of Gα i activity measured by cAMP production upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M and other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and cAMP sensor CAMYEL at a 1:6 ratio. Cells were first stimulated with forskolin, which is a direct activator of adenylyl cyclase that results in higher levels of cAMP in the cell. Then, FFAs were added (time = 0 min), and signals were monitored for 40 min. As FFAs activate Gα i , an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, there is a decrease in cellular cAMP. Delta BRET was calculated as the difference in net BRET of cells stimulated with FFA + forskolin and cells stimulated with forskolin only. (C) Kinetic curves of Gα q activity upon FFA stimulation (C2:0 at 0.1 M and other FFAs at 3.16 mM). HEK293A cells were transfected with bFFAR2 and ONE-GO biosensor at a 1:1 ratio. Then, FFAs were added (time = 0 min), and signals were monitored for 40 min. Gα q activity was measured by a Gα q –GTP detector molecule. Kinetic curves were plotted as a function of time. The results are shown as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. Color coding represents the classification FFAs into three different groups based on their maximum response toward the three different recruitment assays (mGα q , mGα i , and β-arrestin 2): (A) full agonists (green; C5:0, C6:0, and 3MB), (B) partial/full agonists (orange; C4:0 and C7:0), and (C) partial agonists (blue; C2:0, C3:0, C8:0, 2MB, and 2MP).

Article Snippet: In the case of the Gα i activity assay, however, after baseline measurement, cells were incubated with DMEM containing 5 μM of coelenterazine H and 10 μM of forskolin (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, United States; Cat. No. 11446071).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Transfection, Generated